intentional communication

Question 1

leavens 2018 - gaining attention

Answer 1

if a parent is not paying attention to there infant that cant communicate the child will get there attention with a couple of steps

1. will ineffectively try to grab the item on their own
2. will vocalise to get parents attention - puntative attention getting signal
3. child will monitor mother
4. once they realise they have there attention will point to the item
5. will persistently move their gaze between the item and the parent

Question 2

what is intentional communication

Answer 2

communication that has a discernible topic. it is orientated to real or conceptual objects or events

Question 3

what is preintentional communication

Answer 3

describes the natural and involuntary behaviors children display to show how they are generally feeling.

Question 4

what is intentional communication

Answer 4

is demotative or about something - words, poining, reaching arms up to be picked up

Question 5

communication development in 1st year

Answer 5

vocal =
production
non-speech vocal communication - cries, laughing, squeals
speech and speech-like vocalizations - babbling, first words
perception
phonemic discriminations

manual gesture =
production of intentional gestures - pointing, begging, requests to be picked up

Question 6

timing of various communication milestones over the first 15 months

Answer 6

0-2 shared alertness (reflexes)
2 - 6 interpersonal engagement - primary inter-subjectivity
6 - 9 joint object involvement
9-10 comprehends pointing, secondary intersubjects, younger infants, fixates pointing hand, attempts at speech
11- 13 productive pointing, relatively low levels of visual orienting towards social agent
12 first words
14 - 15 productive pointing with visual checking of companions. comprehends pointing, far objects

Question 7

adamson and bakeman 1991

Answer 7

a figure showing change in relationship between mother and infant in relation to objects, all embedded in a cultural surround.

share alertness - infant not separate from mother (first 2 months) so overlapping. object exist in the environment but no pull towards it

interpersonal engagement - infant and mother are now separate but have a pull relationship between them however the object still exist individually in the environment.

joint object involvement - infant experiences a pull relationship between mother and object within the environment (6+ months)

Question 8

pointing to request - protoimperative

Answer 8

lock 2001
1. goal - directed behaviour - trying to grab an object by themselves
2. attention getting behaviour tailored for attentional status of mother
(between step 3 and 4 - gaze alternative between mother and object)
3. response wearing
4. referential/directive gesture

Question 9

define protoimperative

Answer 9

pointing to request

Question 10

define protodeclarative

Answer 10

pointing to comment

e.g. pointing to an unknown object in the distance

Question 11

moore and corkum 1994 - lean interpretation

Answer 11

baby points at doll to get the correct affective response from caregiver - smiling

the caregiver is instructed to look at the doll they are pointing at and smile or remain having a neutral face

baby continues to smile if caregiver looks and smiles

emotional signing led to the cognitive prerequisites of expectation that social partner will exhibit positive emotion

Question 12

moore and corkum 1994

Answer 12

baby points at doll to request it to their social partner
this behaviour is reforced if the item is delivered and will gain the cognitive prerequisite the expectation that social partner will deliver requested items

Question 13

moore and corkum 1994 - protodeclarative (rich interpretation )

Answer 13

goal - joint attention to distal object

idea that the infant is aware that the mother has a separate psychological perceptive and uses pointing guesture to influence the contents of his mothers mind.
early manifestation of this theory of mind in children as young as 12 months of age

Question 14

3 theoretical perspectives on pointing

Answer 14

1. nativist - maturational, motivational
2. cognitive - computational, representational
3. social learning - operant

overlap in views

Question 15

butterworth and pointing - a nativist theory

Answer 15

a human index finger pointing is biologically based and species specific - butterworth 2003

e.g. pointing is an evolutionary adaption for definite reference in humans and is a functional precursor to linguistic reference. before we can identify topic with words we use gestures

human hand anatomies compared to chimpanzees- both orientate palm up, chimp have longer fingers and smaller thumbs. with the thumb sitting further back from the fingertips

when grasping objects humans hold items between tips of finger and thumb and chimps hold the item in place against finger with thumb due to pointing

Question 16

butterworth and antithesis - navist view

Answer 16

darwin 1872 - opposite posture in dogs signals opposite emotions

butterworth 2001 - index figure point is the postural antithesis of the pincer grip (precision)
whole hand point is the postural antithesis of the power grip - human not chimp

Question 17

limitation of the nativist view - hobaiter, leaves and byrne 2014

Answer 17

nativist hypothesis that apes in the wild do not point
while it is rare chimp do on occasion point for example when scared
when filming them a young chimp was startled coursing it to ran away back to mother and quickly point at the camera to the mom

Question 18

motor experience is related to language

Answer 18

emergence of sitting correlates with vocabulary at 10 mos and 14 mos - libertus and violi 2016

emergence of walking correlates with both receptive and productive vocabulary - walle and campos 2014

children who walk make more bids for communication than same age children who crawl - clearfield osborne and mullen 2008

6-12 year olds remember new vocabulary better if they exercise after learning the new words - pruitt and morini 2021