The Factors Leading To The Emergence And Development Of Modern Day Sport

Question 1

What was life like before the Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

Before the Industrial Revolution, society followed a feudal system with two main classes: upper-class gentry and lower-class peasants. Life was rural, based on farming and cottage industries. Most lived in villages, with few towns. The gentry owned land; peasants worked it, living by seasonal rhythms. Leisure was minimal, life was harsh, pay was irregular, and violence common. Illiteracy was widespread due to limited education.

Question 2

Feudal system

Answer 2

term used to describe how society was made up of two classes; the upper class gentry and the lower class peasants

Question 3

Cottage Industries

Answer 3

Cottage industries were home-based manufacturing where people made goods (e.g., quilts, lace) from raw materials to sell at market towns for extra income.

Question 4

Popular Recreation

Answer 4

Term used to classify sport and leisure activities that were common among people of Britain before the Industrial Revolution.

Question 5

Overview of the Emergence and Development of Modern-Day Sport- mob games

Answer 5

In pre-industrial Britain, mob games like Haxey Hood were popular among peasants. They were violent, unorganised, and played on holy days with few rules. Games were local, involved large groups, and reflected limited time and resources due to agricultural work.

Question 6

Characteristics of mob games

Answer 6

• peasants
• local
• unwritten rules
• cruel
• inexpensive
• Courtly
• rural
• occasional
• wagering

Question 7

More about the development of mob games

Answer 7

In the 1800s, mob games were popular recreations for lower-class males, played on holy days like Shrove Tuesday. They were unorganised, violent, and involved whole villages. Games reflected rural life—linked to farming seasons, with land used post-harvest. Limited education meant simple rules, and lack of transport made games localised. Played with cheap equipment, fuelled by alcohol, and offering catharsis, they often involved wagering and occasionally had upper-class support. Games lasted all day with no time limits and showed masculinity and community identity.

Question 8

How did mob games reflect society

Answer 8

• Localized: Due to limited transport, games were specific to villages.
• Spacious: Played in large open areas with few boundaries.
• Simple: Basic rules, reflecting low literacy and understanding.
• Violent: Reflecting the lack of order, male dominance, and a violent society.
• Combat-based: Reflecting the frequency of wars and preparation for battle.
• Occasional: Played during religious holidays, as work took priority.
• Resource-limited: Games used minimal, inexpensive equipment, reflecting lower-class resources.
• Blood sport: Showcasing the brutality and harshness of the time.

Question 9

What was society like for peasants

Answer 9

• life and sports were hard and cruel
• there life followed the agricultural and religious calendar
• worked till daylight
• infrequent as had work
• localized
• no restrictions

Question 10

Why was sporting situations associated with the church calendar

Answer 10

• it was seen as times of celebration
• holy days off work
• church lands were for sports
• church seen as a central role
• seen as a social meeting place
• church leaders gave patronage to games

Question 11

What sports did the gentry (aristocracy take part in)

Answer 11

-The aristocracy engaged in more organized and sophisticated pastimes, such as hunting, archery, fencing, and real tennis.
- These activities were often held on private estates, and they were exclusive, only accessible to the wealthy due to their leisure time, education, and resources.
-These games and sports were more structured, with written rules, and were designed to reflect the social status and refinement of the participants.
- non work based

Question 12

What sports did peasants take part in

Answer 12

• activities that required no resources as had no money
• no written rules as they were unable to read
• based around violence and preparation for war

Question 13

Example of a sport played by the gentry

Answer 13

Court games like real tennis and badminton were exclusive to the gentry, requiring purpose-built facilities and expensive equipment, such as hand-made rackets. These games were non-contact, sophisticated, and needed high skill, tactics, and sporting etiquette. They were typically played in royal courts, making them fashionable among the upper classes. The complex rules and need for education made these games inaccessible to the lower classes, with the main barriers being cost, availability of courts, and transportation, which only the wealthy could afford.

Question 14

Peasants-holy days, festival, wakes

Answer 14

Peasants had limited free time, with few days off compared to modern weekends and holidays. Festivals, fairs, and wakes, often tied to holy days and the farming calendar, were key events for socializing, feasting, and drinking. These gatherings also offered opportunities for courting and for the gentry to hire workers. Popular recreations, like mob games, single stick, and wrestling, were common, with violence often involved. Festivals were typically held near rivers, where bathing and swimming became popular. The church influenced these events, and during the 16th and 17th centuries, clashes between churches impacted the types of activities allowed.

Question 15

Differences between the leisure pursuits of the gentry and the peasants

Answer 15

Gentry
- courtly
- purpose built facilities
- non violent
- expensive equipment
- complex rules
- played regularly
- structured
- could travel to play
- sophisticated

Peasants
- cruel and violent
- force based
- local
- lower class
- unwritten rules
- natural facilities

Question 16

Rationalization

Answer 16

This was where multiple games were combined to make 1 activity with a set of rules involving the idea of a melting pot

Question 17

Codification

Answer 17

is the term used to describe the formal writing and recording of the rules of a sport.

Question 18

Industrial Revolution

Answer 18

This is period of time in Britain from the late 1700’s to the early 1900’s (18th to 20th Centuries). During this time people moved from the rural areas into towns, and communities developed around factories. The industrial revolution also consisted of the Urban and Transport revolutions as well as great advancements in machinery.

Question 19

What did the Industrial Revolution mean

Answer 19

The Industrial Revolution, which occurred in the 19th century, saw technological advancements that allowed the gentry to build factories for mass production. The lower classes migrated from rural areas to work in these factories, often living in company-built houses, which factory owners rented out for profit. As more factories were established, villages grew into towns, driven by the influx of workers seeking stable, paid employment in urban areas.

Question 20

Urbanization

Answer 20

Term used to describe the large scale movement of many lower class people from rural villages to factory towns in search of employment. This resulted in housing developments being built and diminished space to play their traditional mob activities.

Question 21

What happened as things started to develop

Answer 21

As the Industrial Revolution progressed:
-Work Structure: The working day shifted from being governed by seasons to “machine time,” with workers expected to work long hours, six days a week.

-Harsh Conditions: The working class faced poor living conditions, low pay, child labor, and dangerous factory environments, leading to injuries and deaths.

-Limited Leisure: Pollution, disease, and strenuous work left little time or energy for sports.

-Factory Acts: Over time, laws like the Factory Acts (1833) improved conditions, and the introduction of a half-day Saturday gave workers more free time.

-Paid Leave: By the end of the century, paid holiday leave was introduced, along with pay increases for certain jobs, leading to the rise of the middle class.

-Loss of Open Space: As the lower class moved to factory towns, traditional play areas disappeared, but the need for entertainment remained.

-Sport Evolution: The lack of space led to smaller, structured games with teams, boundaries, and time limits. Eventually, designated sport areas were created, and the development of structured games, particularly in schools, laid the foundation for modern sports.

Question 22

What happened as the lower class moved from villages to factory towns

Answer 22

The move of the lower class from villages to factory towns led to a loss of open space for traditional, large-scale recreation. With more people concentrated in small areas, entertainment was still needed, but the lack of space meant that mass participation games had to be adapted to smaller teams, structured boundaries, and time limits, reflecting the rigid working hours. Over time, this resulted in the creation of designated sport areas like football or cricket fields, often with space for paying spectators. This shift towards more structured sports was largely influenced by the development of rationalized sport in schools, which helped shape modern organized games.

Question 23

Industrialisation

Answer 23

led to life based around the factory system and machine time. The old ‘holy’ days were largely lost and work was no longer organised around the seasons – every week was a busy time.

Question 24

Working conditions

Answer 24

initially were very poor for the lower classes, with long shifts and little free time. The twentieth century saw a gradual increase in free time; legislation brought in the Saturday half day, the Ten Hour Act and early closing for shop workers.

Question 25

Economics

Answer 25

The rise of capitalism and industrial patronage during the Industrial Revolution led to the formation of work and church teams, which later evolved into professional sports clubs. Sport became increasingly tied to the entertainment industry, with many entrepreneurs recognizing the potential for profit. This commercialisation of sport helped transform it into a business, with investments in teams, facilities, and competitions, creating a pathway for the professionalisation of sports.

Question 26

Impact of factories

Answer 26

Factory owners recognized that sports had a positive impact on workers, increasing fitness and productivity, while also improving morale and reducing turnover. This led to patronage, where wealthy industrialists established factory teams and organized matches to keep workers happy and promote their factory’s image. Some entrepreneurial owners saw the commercial potential in charging for matches, which contributed to the rise of spectatorism and professionalism as factory teams began generating income through gate receipts. As wages increased, a new middle class emerged, which had disposable income and free time for sport. This shift led to a decline in violent mob games, which were gradually banned, and sport began to serve as a form of social control, promoting etiquette and adherence to rules. The middle class sought to distinguish themselves from the working class by developing sports like lawn tennis and cycling for their own exclusive identity.

Question 27

The Effect of the Industrial Revolution on British Society and Recreational Activities-impacts

Answer 27

Impact of Industrialisation, Urbanisation, Education, and Transport: Industrialisation: -The factory system led to long, grueling work hours for many, but as the system developed, leisure time was introduced (e.g., Saturday half-day off), allowing workers to engage in sport and recreation. -Factory teams emerged, promoting physical activity and offering time off for recreation. Some factory owners set up company teams, integrating sport into the factory culture. Urbanisation: -The migration of people from rural areas to urban centers reduced space for traditional outdoor activities, like mob football. -However, urban areas began to develop public spaces, such as parks and sporting facilities, helping to promote the growth of more organized sports with structured rules and regulations. Education: -The rise in education, especially through schools and universities, led to the development of more organised sports. -As literacy rates increased, people could better understand written rules, leading to the standardisation of sports. -Schools became key hubs for sport development, with games like football, cricket, and rugby becoming institutionalized. Transport: -Improvements in transportation, such as the expansion of railways, made it easier for teams and spectators to travel to competitions, helping regional and national sports to grow. -This led to the formation of competitive leagues and a more widespread sporting culture, as people could easily travel to watch and participate in sports. Additional Impacts: -Factory teams: Factory owners supported recreational activities by forming company teams. -Competitive leagues: With more teams and better transportation, regional and national leagues began to form. -Increased spectatorship: The growth of competitive sports led to a rise in the number of spectators. -Decline of mob games: The violent, disorganized nature of mob games decreased as more structured and civil sports took hold. -Decrease in farming: The shift to industrial work reduced the number of people working in agriculture. -Population growth: The migration to cities increased population density, further driving the demand for urban spaces and organized sports. -10-Hour Work Act: The introduction of labor laws like the 10-hour work act improved working conditions, granting more free time for recreation and sport.

Question 28

What are the social Cultural Factors that Influenced the Development of Rational Recreation

Answer 28

Rational Recreation: The post-industrial era marked a significant shift toward rational recreation, where sport became more organized, codified, and structured. The focus of rational recreation was to promote values like fair play, teamwork, discipline, and physical health. The aim was to create sports that were not just about competition, but also about improving character and social cohesion. Thomas Arnold and Muscular Christianity: -Thomas Arnold, headmaster of Rugby School, played a pivotal role in shaping the philosophy of muscular Christianity, which linked physical activity to moral and spiritual well-being. Arnold believed that physical fitness was key to building strong character, and that sports like rugby and cricket taught virtues such as discipline, fair play, and teamwork. -Arnold’s approach to education and sport became influential across public schools and universities, and helped spread the values of team sports throughout Britain. His vision was that sport could help foster moral development, turning young men into responsible, disciplined citizens. The Cult of Athleticism: -The cult of athleticism emerged within public schools and universities as a cultural movement focused on physical fitness. It was seen as a way to create strong, moral individuals who could contribute positively to society. -The movement encouraged young men to engage in team sports, promoting values of discipline, respect, and fair play. These values were central to the development of modern sport in Britain, which emphasized personal and moral development through physical activity. Factory Teams: -With the rise of industrialization, factory teams emerged as a way for employers to promote physical activity among their workers, improve their health, boost morale, and increase productivity. -Factory teams, such as Blackburn Rovers in football, were often supported by factory owners who recognized the benefits of sport in promoting unity and loyalty within their workforce. -These teams became a central part of the local community, and their success helped foster community pride and loyalty to both the factory and the sport. Growth of the Sporting Press and National Governing Bodies (NGBs): -The sporting press (newspapers, magazines, etc.) played a major role in popularizing sport and promoting the values of rational recreation. It helped create a national sporting culture by providing coverage of major events, creating an audience, and spreading knowledge of sports and their rules. -The establishment of National Governing Bodies (NGBs) was critical in standardizing the rules of sports and organizing competitions across the country. For example, the Football Association (FA) was founded in 1863 to standardize the rules of football and organize competitions at local, regional, and national levels. -NGBs ensured that sports became organized, regulated, and professional, promoting fairness and uniformity across all levels of competition. Key Developments: -Codification and Organization: Sports were structured with written rules and formalized competitions. -Education and Character Building: Sports became an integral part of public schools and universities, focusing on moral and character development. -Factory Teams: Employers promoted team sports for their workers to improve productivity and foster loyalty. -Sporting Press: The rise of media coverage helped to popularize sports and created a widespread culture around them. -National Governing Bodies (NGBs): These bodies standardized rules, organized competitions, and ensured the professionalization of sport. In summary, the post-industrial era saw the rise of rational recreation, with key influences coming from Thomas Arnold’s muscular Christianity, the cult of athleticism, the formation of factory teams, the growth of the sporting press, and the establishment of National Governing Bodies. These factors worked together to organize and structure sport in a way that emphasized fair play, discipline, and social integration, shaping the sports culture we recognize today.

Question 29

Schools

Answer 29

In schools it was stated that there were 3 stages of development which are… Stage 1- boy culture Stage2- enlightened headmasters Stage 3- cult of athleticism

Question 30

Stage 1 boy culture

Answer 30

-This was where schools brought together the sons of the gentry from all over the country to attend public school. -schools began to become a melting pot for games where they were adapted and standardalised to be unique - it was further adapted to architecture and facilities too - boys had a lot of free time and would play games but due to the lack of teacher involvement it was very chaotic E.g. Elton well game and fives Gentry hooligans- violence was very common reflection the hooligan culture (fagging) Limited supervisio- there was a lot of gambling and drinking which surrounded the sports, there was a lot bullying and brutality which were seen as the norm. Disliked strict headmasters who rules with cane- this was developed to stop violent activities

Question 31

Stage 2 enlightened headmasters

Answer 31

Thomas Arnold was the headmaster of rugby school from 1828-1842 and he brought sport as the central part in school leading towards an Arnoldian influence. It was seen as a form of social control which was very civilized. The reform at the school aimed to improve the boys behavior using sport to promote the code of ethics and build upon moral and educational values. Because of this games were more formal with a set of written rules, reduce bullying and promote Christian values. The rules were codified and many friendly relationships were formed and the older boys became role models for the younger boys. Bullying was punished and there was a clampdown on fighting. Trespassing stopped keeping the boys on site and social relationships were improved and worked on. Because of all of this inter school competitions were developed.

Question 32

Stage 3 cult of athletics

Answer 32

Sports were seen as more organized where boys from public schools attended oxford and Cambridge and took their games with them where the melting pot was still used. A set of rules emerged and rational sports were later developed. As students graduated they took their sports with them in to industry, church. Teachers were regarded as more enthusiastic and even got involved in coaching young pupils. The headmasters supported sports making games fully compulsory by changing the patterns of the school day involving afternoon games. The games became an obsession and were involved in festivals. This developed the idea of the Clarendon report which was a report that reviewed education in public schools stating the values needed such as loyalty, teamwork and leadership.

Question 33

The role of Oxford and Cambridge

Answer 33

Universities, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, played a key role in the development of modern sport, often called the “melting pot.” Students brought different regional rules for the same game, and efforts were made to standardize them. -Cambridge Rules (1848): A set of football rules was created by undergraduates, though they didn’t fully resolve the issue. -Formation of the FA (1863): The Football Association was established to standardize sport, marking the beginning of rational recreation. -Global Influence: These governing bodies not only regulated UK sports but also became global regulators due to the British Empire’s influence.

Question 34

Relationship Between Public Schools and the Development of NGBs

Answer 34

Between 1860 and 1900, the development of National Governing Bodies (NGBs) was driven by the “melting pot” of games in public schools and universities. -Codification of Sports: Public schools and universities created hybrid games and began competing in Varsity matches, which led to the codification of sports, such as the Cambridge Rules for football in 1848. -Formation of NGBs: As ‘old boys’ from public schools became influential in society, they played key roles in establishing NGBs like the Football Association (1863). -Increased Competition: Improved transport allowed for national and international competition, and the need for uniformity, rules, and tournaments grew. -Control and Administration: The educated elite, who had leisure time and leadership skills, took charge of NGBs, giving them control over sport and using it to enforce moral values.

Question 35

What was the role of the Industrial Revolution in emergence of NGB’S why did ngb’s appear

Answer 35

-Transport: The railway network enabled teams and spectators to travel across a wider area, creating opportunities for more formalized competitions between towns and regions. -Education: Increased literacy rates meant a larger population could understand and follow written rules, contributing to the standardization of sports. -Urbanization: With reduced open space, there was a need for set dimensions and more organized areas for sports, leading to the development of structured playing fields. -Law and Order: Government legislation helped reduce violence in sport, focusing more on safety and organization to ensure fair play. -Oxbridge Melting Pot: Public schoolboys at universities brought various regional games together, attempting to standardize and rationalize rules, which contributed to the creation of formalized sports. -Factory Teams: The growth of factory teams and the increase in free time led to standardized competition regulations, as factory owners saw the value in promoting sport to improve worker morale and productivity.

Question 36

NBG roles

Answer 36

- oversee the general admission of sports - train officials and coaches - prepare national teams - promote equality - build centres - offer opinions and advice - combat the use of substances - run competitions - administer rules - apply sanctions

Question 37

PROS of NGB’S

Answer 37

- increased national importance of sporting success as viewed by government - rise of sport and status - use of media resources to promote - development of sport to national and international commodities - NGB’S has been able to evolve in light of societal changes

Question 38

Criticisms of NGB’S

Answer 38

- very archaic (old fashioned) - cheating - deviance - institutionalized - corruption of drugs - exploitation of the media

Question 39

Reasons for the development of NGBs include:

Answer 39

The development of National Governing Bodies (NGBs) was driven by: -Rule Standardization: Growing need for national rules due to varied regional games and improved transport for nationwide competitions. -Education: Public school boys, educated at Oxbridge, took influential positions in sport administration, leading to NGBs. -National Competitions: The rise in popularity of sport created a need for formalized leagues and fixtures, managed by NGBs. -Decline of Violent Sports: Shift from chaotic mob games to structured, rational sports, overseen by NGBs. -Middle-Class Control: The middle class maintained power in NGBs, influencing how sport was governed. -Autonomous Governance: NGBs were formed to regulate sport without government control. -Blues’ Role: Public school “Blues” filled leadership positions in sports clubs and NGBs. -Sport’s Global Spread: Sport’s expansion across Europe and beyond led to international competitions, organized by NGBs. -Professionalism: The rise of professionalism required clear rules and regulations, handled by NGBs.

Question 40

The benefits of Governing Bodies of sports:

Answer 40

-Development of Sport: Governing bodies help turn sports into national and international commodities by promoting them globally and ensuring their growth and commercial success. -Facilitating Competition: They organize and manage national and global competitions, ensuring fair play and consistent rules. -Rise in Status: NGBs elevate the sport’s profile and sports stars, helping to boost their fame and marketability. -National Importance: Governments view sporting success as vital for national pride and identity, often investing in sports programs. -Financial Revenue: Sports contribute significantly to local, regional, and national economies through ticket sales, sponsorships, and tourism. -Media Promotion: NGBs use media to promote sports, generate income, and build facilities, increasing exposure and financial gain. -Adaptation to Societal Changes: Many NGBs evolve to meet changing social trends, including inclusivity and accessibility in sport.

Question 41

The criticisms of Governing Bodies of sports:

Answer 41

-Corruption: Increased corruption, such as drug use by athletes, associations with deviant behavior, and institutionalized doping, undermines the integrity of the sport. -Gamesmanship and Cheating: Rising levels of cheating and unethical tactics harm the fair play aspect of sport and tarnish its reputation. -Contradictory Expectations: NGBs face the challenge of promoting their sport while also enforcing rules and policing unethical behavior, which can create conflicts of interest. -Exploitation of Media: Some NGBs prioritize media exposure and commercial gain over the true values of the sport, leading to over-commercialization. -Archaic Practices: Certain NGBs fail to evolve with modern times, maintaining outdated practices and structures that limit growth and inclusivity.

Question 42

The Emergence of Competing for Corporations Rather than Geographically-Based Teams

Answer 42

Corporate Teams vs Geographically-Based Teams: -Corporate Teams: In modern times, many sports teams are owned by corporations or wealthy individuals (e.g., Manchester City, Red Bull teams). Advantages: -Larger financial resources to invest in facilities, players, and infrastructure. -Higher levels of professionalism, leading to better competition and global appeal. Disadvantages: -Risk of losing local identity and traditions. -Can lead to financial imbalances, where only the wealthiest clubs dominate, making competitions less fair. -Geographically-Based Teams:These teams are often rooted in local or regional communities (e.g., Liverpool FC, New York Yankees). Advantages: -Strong community and fan loyalty. -Tradition and cultural connection to the local area. Disadvantages: -Potential financial limitations compared to corporate-backed teams. -Can struggle to attract top talent due to financial constraints.

Question 43

What is the influence of corporations

Answer 43

- some teams are owned by corporations such as redbull with formula 1 =, some teams are also named as the corporation name itself such as Ferrari f1 - tv corporations dictate the time and day and can even dictate when there’s commercial breaks - athletes kits are plastered with different sponsor names, corporations play vast sums for naming the rights of stadiums. - athletes are more accountable to sponsor than teams in cases as sponsors can demand athletes to compete in prestigious competitions. Athlete gets paid by sponsors

Question 44

Advantages of corporations

Answer 44

- remove nationalism allowing spectators to follow team - traditional divisions between countries can be set aside - sponsorship can come from any company no national ties - allow teams to recruit top performers irrespective of nationality so raise standards - potential for performers to earn a large reward - performers can switch or move from team to teams

Question 45

Disadvantages of corporations

Answer 45

- they may have a negative image such as redbull - competitors not solely tied to corporation/hold national flag on podiums - they dictate to team otherwise funding is withdrawn - fans lack passion seen when supporting a club or team - performers and teams have no national identity that binds them together, there faceless no affinity with fans.

Question 46

Labour migration

Answer 46

This refers to growing internationalization regards to athletes involved in sporting leagues. Significant number of athletes are crossing national borders for the purpose of sport. It isn’t just athletes its coaches too and it includes players to represent teams for training purposes migration in and out fo the country to promote standards and oportiunties to perform.

Question 47

Positive effects of Labour migration

Answer 47

Increased competitiveness- leading to a better level of competition Easier transition- from domestic competition to international stage because home grown players gain valuable experience from foreign players Increase commercialization- so there’s an increase in revenue for businesses and clubs Increase pay- this means there are more opportunities -Increase standard of national competitions, which leads to a better spectacle and level of competition (as seen in the NBA, Premiership Football/Rugby, MLS Soccer, IPL/Big Bash Cricket, NHL) -Improved opportunities for female athletes in professional leagues such as the WPS league (Women's Professional Soccer) in the US. -Easier transition from domestic competition to the international stage, gaining valuable experience from foreign players -Increase commercialisation leading to increase in revenues -Increase pay for players -Improve integration of nationalities and political relations -A way out of their country -Add variation to tactics and training -Play in the off-season to improve skills e.g. IPL -Train where the climate is more favourable, e.g. skiing

Question 48

Positive effects of Labour migration

Answer 48

Increased competitiveness- leading to a better level of competition Easier transition- from domestic competition to international stage because home grown players gain valuable experience from foreign players Increase commercialization- so there’s an increase in revenue for businesses and clubs Increase pay- this means there are more opportunities

Question 49

Negative effects of labor migration

Answer 49

Plastic grits- players born in other countries may reduce national e.g. London 2012 Olympics increasing numbers born abroad Foreign born players-they take the position from home grown players decreasing the valuable experience where there are no limits Smaller nations- they suffer from reduced talent due to bigger nations attracting players Resentment- supporters may feel this in national pride Patriotism-the nation is presented and viewed s big businesses lack this -Take positions from home-grown players -Smaller nations suffer from reduced talent due to bigger nations attracting players ‘-Plastic Brits’- 2012 London Olympic situation with increasing numbers of athletes born abroad -Supporters may feel resentmentRepresenting a nation can be viewed as a big business/corporation venture, therefore lacking loyalty and patriotism -Players start to be known as ‘mercenaries’- who migrate for extrinsic rewards

Question 50

Discrimination

Answer 50

Treat people differently through prejudice

Question 51

Prejudice

Answer 51

Hold preformed judgement and opinions about someone based upon irrational or innacurate stereotypical views

Question 52

Equal opportunity

Answer 52

the right to equivalent opportunities (for employment, education, participation etc.) regardless of race or colour or sex or national origin.

Question 53

Inclusiveness

Answer 53

Creating a hospitable and welcoming environment; interacting with all members of the community without regard to individual characteristics.

Question 54

Stereotyping

Answer 54

when a societal group is (mistakenly) considered to have particular strengths, weaknesses or characteristics which limits perceptions about participation among individuals.

Question 55

Target groups

Answer 55

- disability - ethnic groups - gender - socio economic class

Question 56

Opportunity

Answer 56

-Time: Busy schedules can limit the time available for sports. -Cost: High participation fees and equipment costs can be a barrier for those with low income. -Social Influence: Friends’ and peers’ attitudes can either encourage or discourage participation.

Question 57

Provision

Answer 57

-relates to ‘tangible’ factors under the control of organisations such as schools, leisure centres and sports clubs. Factors include equipment, coaching and facilities. -The presence or absence of appropriate activities to take part in -Availability of equipment -Availability of transport to facilities (e.g. public transport) -Availability of specialist facilities and coaching

Question 58

Esteem

Answer 58

-relates to ‘belief’ factors, such as self-confidence and perceptions from others. For example, disabled individuals may suffer from low self-esteem, or may fear negative reactions from society if they try to participate in sporting activity -Self-confidence/belief in self to participate -Perception of others — how you feel others (e.g. family and friends) view your participation in physical activity. This can affect participation either positively or negatively: for groups low in status/with low expectations, it tends to be negative.

Question 59

More ideas of discrimination

Answer 59

-Restrictive membership clauses/not allowed to join clubs/teams; -Fewer competitions/coaching/provision/facilities/e.g. crèches/ramps; -Prohibitive costs/cannot afford; -Racism/sexism/verbal abuse; -Less tournament earnings/less funding/less sponsorship; -Less media coverage/lack of role models/less in positions of power/decision making

Question 60

Ways in which NGBs can improve opportunities for lower social class groups to access their sport

Answer 60

-Develop Schemes in Deprived Areas: Create targeted programs in inner cities and underserved communities. -Follow Equity Policies: Implement inclusive policies to ensure equal access to sport. -Make Facilities Accessible: Ensure sports facilities are affordable and easy to access. -Change Attitudes: Promote inclusivity and reduce discrimination within the sport. -Increase Awareness: Use programs like PESSYP to raise awareness and encourage participation. -Use Positive Role Models: Highlight athletes from similar backgrounds to inspire others. -Provide Employment: Offer job opportunities within sports for lower-income individuals.

Question 61

Disabled Groups

Answer 61

-Mobility, Sensory, Mental -Buildings -Stereotype difficulties -Lack of status

Question 62

Ethnic

Answer 62

-Racial discrimination; -2 Not encouraged/actively discouraged by parents/peers; -3 Low status/priority given to sport; -4 Conflict with religious customs/religious observance/dress code; -5 Lack of role models/fewer coaches.

Question 63

Woman

Answer 63

1. Less leisure time; 2. Due to work and domestic role; 3. Less money/less disposable income/less money for private membership of clubs; 4. Stereotype/sport not for women/sport for males/damage to women.s health; 5. Less availability of private facilities; 6. Had to wait for public provision of facilities

Question 64

Target group

Answer 64

-A group of people identified as not participating in sport -Group of people/society that are denied access to a sport or recreation -Group of people facing discrimination

Question 65

Barriers to woman

Answer 65

-Less leisure time; -Due to work and domestic role; -Less money/less disposable income/less money for private membership of clubs; -Stereotype/sport not for women/sport for males/damage to women’s health; -Less availability of private facilities; -Had to wait for public provision of facilities. - lack of role models - body image… esteem -gender sports - prejudice -

Question 66

Have opportunities for women improved

Answer 66

-Social Legislation: The Equality Act has enhanced women’s opportunities by addressing gender and discrimination. -Post-War Empowerment: After World War II, women gained more freedom to compete in sports traditionally dominated by men. -TV Representation: Increased media coverage, like in the Olympics and football, has boosted female participation. -Olympics: In 1991, Jacques Rogge aimed for gender equality in the Olympics, targeting a 50/50 male-to-female ratio. -Female Status: Women’s sports gained more recognition, with improved prize money, especially in the Winter Olympics. -Changing Attitudes: Attitudes shifted globally, exemplified by Kariman Abuljadayel, Saudi Arabia’s first woman to compete in the 100m at the 2016 Olympics. -Skills and Abilities: Schools now promote equal participation, encouraging girls to join sports like rugby and football. -Talent Identification: Campaigns like “This Girl Can” work to close the gender gap in sports.

Question 67

Woman in sport

Answer 67

-Gender Roles: Society often expects women to prioritize family over sports, with stereotypes limiting participation in competitive activities. -Stereotypes: Myths, like physical activity harming fertility, discourage women from joining male-dominated sports. -Media Influence: Less media coverage leads to limited visibility, sponsorship, and funding for women’s sports. -Lack of Role Models: Few female coaches and administrators reduce inspiration and opportunities for women. -Other Barriers: Work/family commitments, lack of money, and fewer competitions or leagues limit women’s involvement in sport.

Question 68

Things that can make you qualify as a a paralympian

Answer 68

Intellectual impairment- limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour as expressed in conceptual,, social, practical adaptive skills which originates before the age of 18. Visual impairment- vision is impacted by either the impairment of eye structure, optical nerve pathway or part of the brain controlling the vision. Ataxia- lack of coordination of muscle movement due to neurological condition such as cerebral palsy.

Question 69

Barriers to disability

Answer 69

-lack of competition -lack of mobility/transport -lack of information/poor media coverage -discrimination -stereotypical (lower expectations) -safety concerns -low self esteem -lack of specialised coaches

Question 70

History of the Paralympic movement

Answer 70

-in 1952 it was the 1st international game that had happened end -and in 1960 it was the first Paralympian games that had happened

Question 71

Was there any improvements of disabilities

Answer 71

-there was more social acceptance so it was seen as more equal -there was a rise in the number of provisions -increase of media coverage -legislation changed (equality act 2010)

Question 72

What were the organisations for disabilities

Answer 72

-sport England -English federation disability sport -wheel power

Question 73

What issues are there with disability sport

Answer 73

-its inferior compared to the Olympics - it wont be as broadcasted compared to the Olympics -its seen as more condensed -there’s not as many competitions

Question 74

Discuss the view that athletes with a disability now enjoy equality in sport

Answer 74

-there was more social acceptance of disabled (equal with the able bodied) -rise in game provisions (in victims games/olympic movement -increase in media coverage -legislation to limit discrimination -there was a greater social acceptance of disabled individuals as equals -athletes have to undergo testing to prove disability - NBG oblique to promote opportunities -role models

Question 75

Challenges for disabled athletes

Answer 75

Challenges for Disabled Athletes: 1. Self-image: Low self-esteem and lack of confidence affect participation in sports. 2. Barriers: Stereotypes, myths, and safety concerns stem from a lack of awareness. 3. Limited Role Models: Few role models and challenges with funding and high participation costs. 4. Access Issues: Unsuitable facilities, transport difficulties, and lack of competitive opportunities. 5. Lack of Expertise: Shortage of qualified coaches and adaptations in school PE and coaching. 6. Improvements: Organizations like the EFDS work to raise awareness and improve access. 7. Integration Needed: More inclusive and specialist facilities are necessary for disabled athletes.

Question 76

Equality and Diversity in Disability Sport and Gender Sport

Answer 76

Disability Sport: -The ParaSport movement started with the Stoke Mandeville Games (1948) and evolved into the Paralympic Games. -Disability sport has gained more visibility, funding, and participation. -Athletes with disabilities now have more opportunities to compete, with major milestones like the London 2012 Paralympics. Gender Equality in Sport: -Women’s sport was historically underfunded, but recent improvements include events like the FIFA Women’s World Cup and WNBA. -Gender pay inequality and limited media coverage remain challenges. -Title IX (1972) in the USA helped ensure equal opportunities in educational athletics.

Question 77

Migration Patterns of Sporting Labour

Answer 77

Impact of Migration of Sporting Labour: 1. Migration Patterns: Athletes move between countries for better financial opportunities or career growth. Impact on Domestic Competitions: • Positive: International talent raises competition standards. • Negative: Limits opportunities for local players and reduces homegrown talent. Impact on National Teams: • Positive: National teams gain strength from players with dual nationality or born abroad. • Negative: Eligibility issues arise as players may choose countries offering better prospects. 4. Globalisation of Sport: Migration helps globalize sports, creating diverse, multicultural leagues and broadening international appeal.