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(O) Anatomy > The Eye and the Brain > Flashcards

The Eye and the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the meninges

A

protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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3
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dura mater and their attachments

A
  • periosteal - attached to bone

- meningeal - attached to meninges

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4
Q

when do the 2 layers of the dura mater split

A

to enclose the dural venous sinuses

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5
Q

what is the function of dural venous sinuses

A

drain deoxygenated blood from the brain and into the IJV

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6
Q

where is the subarachnoid space located

A

between the arachnoid and pia

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7
Q

what lies in the subarachnoid space

A

CSF and blood vessels

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8
Q

what are arachnoid granulations

A

outpouchings of tissue the arachnoid that pass into the dural venous sinuses

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9
Q

where does the pia mater adhere to

A

the brain, vessel and nerves exiting/entering

it follows all the contours

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10
Q

what does the CSF surround

A

the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

at what spinal level does the spinal level end at

A

S2

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12
Q

describe the communication between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space

A

the lateral ventricles meet the midline 3rd which then meets the 4th, the 4th drains into the subarachnoid space

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13
Q

what does the subarachnoid space surrounds

A

the external aspect of the brain and the central canal travels down the spinal cord

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14
Q

what is the superior sagittal sinus

A

structure filled with CSF that allows the CSF to drain through the arachnoid granulations into it

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15
Q

where is the CSF produced

A

the choroid plexus

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16
Q

where is the choroid plexus situated

A

in the lateral and 3rd ventricles

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17
Q

what structure allows the CSF to drain from the 3rd to 4th ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

18
Q

where does the CSF end up

A

majority in subarachnoid space

central canal

19
Q

where is the CSF reabsorbed into

A

the dural venous sinuses

20
Q

how does increased intracranial pressure occur

A

increased pressure in fluid surrounding the brain or within the brain itself

21
Q

what are fontanelles

A

soft spots in young toddles

22
Q

how is intracranial pressure usually kept constant

A

the blood, brain and CSF

Monro-Kelle hypothesis

23
Q

what is the monro-kelle hypothesis

A

the blood, brain and CSF exist in equilibrium

24
Q

what problems can increased intracranial pressure cause

A
  • damage to tissues
  • shifts in tissues
  • herniation
  • constriction of blood vessels
  • visual problems
25
Q

how do the meninges relate to the eye

A

they surround the nerves and extend all the way to the back of the eyeball

26
Q

how may raised ICP affect the eye

A

the pressure can transmit along the subarachnoid space in the optic nerve sheath

27
Q

what structures does raised ICP compress in the optic sheath

A

nerve, artery and vein

28
Q

what may occur as a result of ICP (not visual symptoms)

A

papilloedema

29
Q

what visual symptoms can occur as a result of raised ICP

A
  • transient visual obscuration
  • transient flickering
  • blurring of vision
  • constriction of the visual field
  • decreased colour perception
30
Q

how are dural septae formed

A

by the fold of the meningeal dira

31
Q

what dural septae divide the cranial cavity and help support the brain

A

falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

32
Q

what dural septae divides the two cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

33
Q

what dural septae blends into the tentorium cerebelli

A

falx cerebri

34
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli divide

A

the infra- and supra-tentorial compartments

35
Q

what is the tentorium notch and what passes through it

A
  • gap in the free anteromedial edge of the tentorium

- brainstem

36
Q

how might raised ICP effect the oculomotor nerve

A

medial temporal lobe may herniate through the tentorial notch compressing/stretching the nerve

37
Q

what fibres of CN III are affected first in nerve compression/stretch

A

parasympathetic

38
Q

what is the first sign of CN III damage

A

ipsilateral pupil dilation

39
Q

what does CN III damage result in

A

paralysis of somatic motor innervation (4 extra-ocular muscles and eyelid) and paralysis of parasympathetic innervation of the sphincter of the pupils

40
Q

what clinical symptoms occur with CN III damage

A
  • slow/no pupillary light reflex
  • dilated pupil
  • ptosis
  • down and out gaze
41
Q

what occurs with CN IV damage

A
  • paralysis of the superior oblique
  • eyes move inferolaterally
  • diplopia
42
Q

what occurs with CN VI damage

A

eye cant move laterally and deviated medially

(O) Anatomy (5 decks)

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