the eye Flashcards

1
Q

describe the pathway of the retina

A

photoreceptors –> bipolar cells –> ganglion cells

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2
Q

what is a photopigment-

A

absorb light and will trigger changes in membrane potential

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3
Q

describe Photoreceptor convergence

A

Many photoreceptors feed (convergence) into individual ganglion cells in the periphery but Individual photoreceptors feed into individual ganglion cells in the central retina

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4
Q

what are the steps of visual processing

A

retina –> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN, thalamus) –> visual cortex

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5
Q

what is the Receptive field centr

A

direct connection from photoreceptors

Whatever response is triggered in the centre, the opposite will be triggered by the surround

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6
Q

what so amacrine cells allow for

A

modulate transmission onto ganglion cells – lateral inhibition

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7
Q

what is in cones

A

– 3 photopigments
colour vision

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8
Q

what is in rods

A

– one photopigment- Rhodopsin
black/white vision

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9
Q

how do you fix longsightedness?

A

convex lens

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10
Q

describe depolarisation of bipolar cells

A

Bound to glutamate (during dark), mGluR6 causes closing of Na+ channels.

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11
Q

what are the layers of the retina

A

Pigmented Epithelium
Photoreceptor Outer Segment
outer nucleus layer
outer plexiform
inner nucleus layer
inner plexiform
ganglio cell layer

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12
Q

why is there 3 Photopigments in cones

A

Photopigments of cones require more energy to be activated

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13
Q

how do you fix shortsightedness?

A

concave lens

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14
Q

what is Phototransduction

A

Conversion of light energy into membrane potential changes – NOT Action Potentials

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15
Q

what is Receptive field surround

A

connection from photoreceptors through horizontal cells

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16
Q

what is the role of photoreceptors

A

transform electromagnetic radiation into electrical signals - Phototransduction

17
Q

what happens on-centre in ganglion cell receptive field

A

ganglion produces APs when light is shone on the photoreceptor that directly innervates it

ganglion decreases APs
when light is turned off

18
Q

describe Phototransduction in light (rods)

A

Photoreceptors will hyperpolarize with light

  1. Light activates rhodopsin and a G protein called transducin
  2. Transducin-binding GTP activates PDE (phosphodiesterase)
  3. Active PDE breaks down cGMP
  4. Low levels of cGMP promote channel closing
  5. Na+ influx decreases and the membrane hyperpolarizes
  6. Membrane hyperpolarization reduces glutamate release
19
Q

what do horizontal cells allow for

A

modulate transmission onto
bipolar cells - lateral inhibition

20
Q

why do ganglion cell responses reflect differences in contrast

A

there is No change in firing rate if both centre and surround are in same level of illumination

the Greatest difference in firing is when you have most contrast between the centre and surround

21
Q

describe Phototransduction in dark (rods)

A

Photoreceptors are depolarised in darkness (-30mV) due to a “dark current” of Na+
Na+ channels open, rate of transmitter release is high

  1. Guanylyl Cyclase produces cGMP in the dark
  2. cGMP binds and activates Na+ channels
  3. Na+ influx depolarizes the
    membrane (not AP)
  4. Membrane depolarization induces liberation of Glutamate
22
Q

what are the steps of vision

A
  1. transmission and refraction of light by the optics of the eye
  2. the transduction of light energy into
    electrical signals by photoreceptors
  3. the refinement of these signals by synaptic interactions within the neural circuits of the retina
23
Q

describe hyperpolarisation

A

Hyperpolarisation of photoreceptor by light reduces glutamate release, reduces mGluR6 binding and allows Na+ channels to open on the bipolar cell

24
Q

describe Phototransduction

A

Graded changes in membrane potentials → change in rate of transmitter release

Light: hyperpolarisation, Na+ channels close, decrease in rate of transmitter release

25
Q

what can bipolar cells be depolarised or hyperpolarised by

26
Q

what is the role of ganglion cells

A

Ganglion cells are the only ones generating AP in the retina, and the only output of information to the rest of the brain

27
Q

what is in the fovea

A

only cones

28
Q

what happens off-centre in ganglion cell receptive field

A

ganglion decreases APs when light is shone on photoreceptor that innervates it

ganglion increases APs when
light is turned off

29
Q

what are the main differences between rods and cones

A

rods are highly sensitive to light but cones require bright light

120 million roda in retina nad 6 million cones

rods are for night vision (black and white), cones are for colour vision

rods are in peripheral retins and cones are in fovea (central)

rods have high convergence with bipolar cells

30
Q

what is is hyperopia

A

longsightedness