The Evolution of Psychology Flashcards
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
Established the first lab for psych in 1879, campaigned to make psych an independent discipline, from Germany
What is structuralism? Who was it led by?
Led by Edward Titchner, and focused on analyzing consciousness, used introspection
What is functionalism? Who was it led by?
Led by William James, focused on investigating the function or purpose of the consciousness
Who is the founder of behaviourism?
John B. Watson
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Founded psychoanalytic school of thought, emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behaviour
What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development?
1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital
What are the Id, ego, and superego?
Id - pleasure principle “I want it now”
Ego - reality principle “We need to plan and wait in order to have it”
Superego - morality principle “You can’t have it, it’s not right”
What are the defense mechanisms?
1) Repression
2) Denial
3) Projection
4) Displacement
5) Regression
6) Sublimation
7) Reaction Formation - Forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable thoughts
8) Rationalization
9) Intellectualization - Works to reduce anxiety by thinking about events in a cold and clinical way
Who was B.F. Skinner?
- Thought that environmental factors determine behaviour
- Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated
- Responses that lead negative outcomes are not repeated
- Controversy regarding free will and the debate between nature vs. nurture
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical - neutral stimulus elicits a response
Operant - associating a behaviour with a consequence
What are the differences between a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus?
Unconditioned stimulus - elicits a natural response
Conditioned stimulus - neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response
What are the differences between a conditioned and unconditioned responses?
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE - unlearned reaction to UCS
CONDITIONED RESPONSE - response that has been conditioned
Who was Edward L. Thorndike
created law of effect, - If stimulus leads to satisfying effect, response is strengthened
What did B.F. Skinner create?
the principle of reinforcement, positive/negative reinforcement or punishment
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
positive - Added to increase the behaviour
negative - Removed to increase the behaviour
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
positive - Added to decrease the behaviour
negative - Removed to decrease the behaviour
What are the schedules of reinforcement? How do they work?
Continuous reinforcement - behaviour is reinforced every time
Partial reinforcement - reinforcement does not occur every time
Ratio schedules - reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses
Interval schedules - reinforcement occurs after a certain amount of time has passed
Why did people not like psychoanalytic theory or behaviourism?
- Charges that both were dehumanizing, and diverse opposition groups got together to form a loose alliance
Who led humanism? What was their emphasis?
Led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, emphasis on the unique qualities of humans; freedoms and personal growth
- maslow created “maslow’s hierarchy of needs
what did piaget lead?
he led cognition, application of scientific methods to studying internal mental events, memory, perception, and attention
what does each side of the brain specialize in?
left - logic and thought
right - music and creativity
What is positive psychology?
Uses theory and research to better understand the positive aspects of human existence
