The Evolution of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Established the first lab for psych in 1879, campaigned to make psych an independent discipline, from Germany

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2
Q

What is structuralism? Who was it led by?

A

Led by Edward Titchner, and focused on analyzing consciousness, used introspection

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3
Q

What is functionalism? Who was it led by?

A

Led by William James, focused on investigating the function or purpose of the consciousness

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4
Q

Who is the founder of behaviourism?

A

John B. Watson

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5
Q

Who is Sigmund Freud?

A

Founded psychoanalytic school of thought, emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behaviour

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6
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development?

A

1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital

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7
Q

What are the Id, ego, and superego?

A

Id - pleasure principle “I want it now”
Ego - reality principle “We need to plan and wait in order to have it”
Superego - morality principle “You can’t have it, it’s not right”

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8
Q

What are the defense mechanisms?

A

1) Repression
2) Denial
3) Projection
4) Displacement
5) Regression
6) Sublimation
7) Reaction Formation - Forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable thoughts
8) Rationalization
9) Intellectualization - Works to reduce anxiety by thinking about events in a cold and clinical way

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9
Q

Who was B.F. Skinner?

A
  • Thought that environmental factors determine behaviour
  • Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated
  • Responses that lead negative outcomes are not repeated
  • Controversy regarding free will and the debate between nature vs. nurture
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10
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical - neutral stimulus elicits a response

Operant - associating a behaviour with a consequence

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11
Q

What are the differences between a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus?

A

Unconditioned stimulus - elicits a natural response

Conditioned stimulus - neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response

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12
Q

What are the differences between a conditioned and unconditioned responses?

A

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE - unlearned reaction to UCS

CONDITIONED RESPONSE - response that has been conditioned

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13
Q

Who was Edward L. Thorndike

A

created law of effect, - If stimulus leads to satisfying effect, response is strengthened

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14
Q

What did B.F. Skinner create?

A

the principle of reinforcement, positive/negative reinforcement or punishment

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15
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

A

positive - Added to increase the behaviour

negative - Removed to increase the behaviour

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16
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?

A

positive - Added to decrease the behaviour

negative - Removed to decrease the behaviour

17
Q

What are the schedules of reinforcement? How do they work?

A

Continuous reinforcement - behaviour is reinforced every time
Partial reinforcement - reinforcement does not occur every time
Ratio schedules - reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses
Interval schedules - reinforcement occurs after a certain amount of time has passed

18
Q

Why did people not like psychoanalytic theory or behaviourism?

A
  • Charges that both were dehumanizing, and diverse opposition groups got together to form a loose alliance
19
Q

Who led humanism? What was their emphasis?

A

Led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, emphasis on the unique qualities of humans; freedoms and personal growth
- maslow created “maslow’s hierarchy of needs

20
Q

what did piaget lead?

A

he led cognition, application of scientific methods to studying internal mental events, memory, perception, and attention

21
Q

what does each side of the brain specialize in?

A

left - logic and thought

right - music and creativity

22
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

Uses theory and research to better understand the positive aspects of human existence