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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general definition of psychopathology?

A

The study of abnormal behaviour is to be able to predict, explain, diagnose, and identify the cause of and treat these aspects in a reliable way.

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2
Q

Why is the word psychopathology used over abnormal psychology?

A

Psychopathology is a more sensitive and less stigmatizing

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3
Q

what is the difference between mental health and mental illness?

A

Mental health is regarding a persons psychological and emotional well-being.

Mental Illness: health conditions that involve changes in behaviour, emotion, thinking, or a combination of them.

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4
Q

When is behaviour considered abnormal?

A

The DSM-5 states behaviour is abnormal when there is dysfunction, personal distress, and deviance

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the DSM-5?

A

to assist trained clinicians in accurately diagnosing their patients with mental disorders.

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6
Q

What does prevalence mean?

A

the percentage of people in a population who have a certain disorder

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7
Q

What does incidence mean?

A

how many new people are diagnosed with a specific disorder over a certain time period

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8
Q

what does comorbidity mean?

A

when two or more mental disorders are occurring at the same time

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9
Q

What does etiology mean?

A

It is the cause of the disorder

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10
Q

What does prognosis mean?

A

The anticipated course the disorder will take, can be acute, chronic, or time limited

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11
Q

What does treatment mean?

A

any procedure where the goal is to turn abnormal behaviour to less distressing behaviour

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12
Q

How many symptoms of major depressive disorder need to be present for a diagnosis? Which ones are required?

A

there needs to be 5 of the 9 symptoms present, one must be symptom 1 or 2

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13
Q

What are five symptoms of major depressive disorder?

A
  1. Consistent depressed mood
  2. Activities that previously brought pleasure, do not anymore
  3. Rapid weight or appetite change
  4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
  5. Restlessness or slowed down
  6. Tired
  7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (
  8. Feeling distracted and indecisive
  9. Recurring thoughts of suicide or planned attempts
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14
Q

Major depressive disorder is more common in…?

A

Biological females

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15
Q

What is the difference between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder?

A

In persistent depressive disorder you need to have symptoms for 2 years

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16
Q

How many symptoms do you need to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder?

A

You need to have at least 3 of the 6 symptoms

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17
Q

What are the 6 symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  1. Restlessness
  2. Tired
  3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.
  4. Irritability
  5. Muscle tension.
  6. Sleep disturbances
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18
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in…?

A

biological females, white people, first world countries

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19
Q

What are the five symptoms of agoraphobia?

A
  1. Using public transportation
  2. Being in open spaces
  3. Being in enclosed places
  4. Standing in line or being in a crowd.
  5. Being outside of the home alone.
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20
Q

how many symptoms of agoraphobia do you need to have for a diagnosis?

A

2 out of the 5 symptoms

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21
Q

What are the similarities and differences between agoraphobia and social anxiety?

A

Similarities: both anxiety disorders, both have high rates of substance abuse

differences: agoraphobia is based on inability to escape or control a situation and social anxiety is based on being judged or embarassed

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22
Q

What is ADHD?

A

It’s a combo of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity, do not need both

23
Q

What does ADHD look like in preschool, adolescence, and adulthood?

A

In preschool the main manifestation is hyperactivity.
Adolescence show fidgeting or an inner/feeling of restlessness, jitteriness or impatience.
In adulthood impulsivity may remain problematic even when hyperactivity has diminished.

24
Q

What increases the risk of ADHD?

A

low birth weight increase the risk by 2x-3x

25
Q

What does the iceberg picture signify?

A

It signifies that there is more than you can see on the surface

26
Q

Why are bipolar disorders separated from depressive disorders?

A

Bipolar disorder is a bridge between depressive disorders and schizophrenic disorders

27
Q

What are the three types of episodes in bipolar disorders?

A

Manic, hypomanic, and major depressive

28
Q

What type of episode is required to be diagnosed with Bipolar I?

A

need to have at least one manic episode

29
Q

What are three symptoms of manic episodes?

A
  1. Inflated self-esteem
  2. Decreased need for sleep
  3. More talkative
  4. Racing thoughts
  5. Distractibility
30
Q

What is the development and course of bipolar disorder?

A
  • 90% will have more than one manic episode

- rapid cycling: will have 4+ mood episodes in a year

31
Q

What are the risk and prognostic factors of bipolar disorder?

A

family history of bipolar disorder is one of the strongest and most consistent risk factors for bipolar disorders (10x increased risk), 75% have anxiety

32
Q

What are the differences between BP1 and BP2?

A

Bipolar I: causes mania and may cause depression, may or may not experience a major depressive episode

Bipolar II: causes hypomania and depression, will experience a major depressive episode, typically do not experience manic episodes intense enough to require hospitalization

33
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for PTSD?

A

A. exposure to death, serious injury, or sexual violence
B. Intrusive symptoms associated with the traumatic event after it has happened
C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with traumatic event
D. Negative altercations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event
E. Marked altercations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event
B-E duration must be over a month

34
Q

What are the 5 key features that define psychotic disorders?

A
  1. delusions
  2. hallucinations - hearing/seeing things that are not there
  3. disorganized thinking/speech
  4. disorganized or abnormal behaviour
  5. negative symptoms
35
Q

How many of the diagnostic criteria are required for diagnosis of schizophrenia? How long must they last?

A

Must have 2 of the 5 ,and one must be 1, 2, or 3 (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech) and they must last for a month

36
Q

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?

A

longer duration/poorer outcome in biological males

37
Q

What is the development and course of schizophrenia?

A

earlier onset of symptoms = worse prognosis, most remain chronically ill

38
Q

What are the risk and prognostic factors of schizophrenia?

A

higher rates for those born in winter/late spring

39
Q

what is the comorbidity for schizophrenia?

A

Over 50% smoke, poor lifestyle lowers life expectancy

40
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for DID?

A

A. two or more personalities that are separate from “base” personality, symptoms can be: memory issues between personalities, alterations in behaviour cognition, behaviour, etc.
B. Consistently forgetting important details that one would normally not forget

41
Q

What are the triggers of DID?

A
  • being removed from traumatic situation
  • offspring reaching age of experienced trauma
  • other traumatic experiences
  • death or illness of abuser
42
Q

When can DID appear?

A

It can appear at any age because it is associated with traumatic childhood experiences

43
Q

What causes most cases of DID?

A

90% of cases involve childhood abuse/neglect

44
Q

What is a personality disorder? How many clusters are they divided into?

A

A personality disorder is a mental illness that affects the way people think, feel and behave, which can make it hard to handle emotions and interact with others. They are divided into 3 clusters, A,B, and C

45
Q

What are cluster A disorders?

A

Individuals with cluster A disorders tend to have thinking and behaviour patterns that would appear odd, unusual and/or eccentric to the general public. This often leads to social problems.
ex. Paranoid personality disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder

46
Q

What are cluster B disorders?

A

Individuals with cluster B disorders are typically characterized by dramatic, overly emotional or unpredictable thinking or behavior.
ex. Borderline Personality Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder

47
Q

What are cluster C disorders?

A

Individuals with cluster C disorder are characterized by intense fear and anxiety that affects their thinking and behavior.
ex. Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder, Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder

48
Q

What are three symptoms of antisocial personality disorder?

A
  1. disregard for the law
  2. deceitful
  3. impulsive
  4. violent
  5. disregard for safety of self and others
  6. consistently irresponsible
  7. no remorse
49
Q

How does a diagnosis work for antisocial personality disorder?

A

B. a person cannot be diagnosed with it until they are 18 years old
C. there is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 years

50
Q

Antisocial personality disorder is more common in…?

A

males with substance abuse disorders who have spent time in detox, prison, or other forensic settings,
increased rate among individuals who are migrates or living in poverty,
cannot be diagnosed before 18 and there is a higher risk for individuals when the first degree relative is female.

51
Q

What are three symptoms of BPD?

A
  1. fear of any type of abandonment
  2. a pattern in relationships where the other’s worth alternates between extremes
  3. persistent unstable self image/identity disturbance
  4. impulsive in ways that could be self damaging
  5. recurrent suicidal behaviour
  6. instability due to how individual reacts to a situation that has occurred
  7. chronic feelings of emptiness
  8. feels intense/irrational anger and has difficulty handling it
  9. severe dissociative symptoms or paranoid ideation
52
Q

What can happen to people that are diagnosed with BPD after 10 years?

A

After 10 years, half the individuals who had the diagnosis no longer meet the full criteria

53
Q

People are more likely to have BPD if…?

A

They are 5x more likely to develop BPD if biological parents have it

54
Q

What are the comorbidities for BPD?

A

anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse disorders and PTSD rates are all over 50%

Psychology (5 decks)

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