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Bio Midterm 2 > The evolution of plants > Flashcards

The evolution of plants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many species of plants are described?

A

Roughly 320,000

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2
Q

In the colonization of land of plants, what were some problems they had to overcome?(4)

A
  1. It was a drier environment
  2. There is a strong effect of gravity
  3. There are no nutrients in the atmosphere
  4. There are more rapid changes in temperature.
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3
Q

What were some advantages of the colonization of land by plants? (3)

A
  1. There is brighter sunlight that isn’t blocked by water and phytoplankton.
  2. There is more CO2 in the atmosphere.
  3. There are an abundance of nutrients on the shoreline.
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4
Q

Name 3 large adaptations that let plants colonize land.

A
  1. The protection of spores/gametes/zygote/embryo
  2. Maximizing photosynthesis
  3. Growth to compensate for lack of movement
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5
Q

In the life cycle of a plant, what is another name for the haplodiplontic cycle?

A

The Alteration of Generations

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6
Q

What is the multicellular 2n (diploid zygote) organism called in the life cycle of a plant?

A

The sporophyte

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7
Q

What is the multicellular n(haploid gamete) organism called in the life cycle of a plant?

A

The gametophyte

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the maternal gametophyte tissues?

A

They house the embryo and protect it and give it nutrients.

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9
Q

What are the spore walls made of?

A

A highly resistant polymer called sporopollenin.

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10
Q

Where does spore dispersion happen?

A

In the air.

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11
Q

What is the stem cell region at the ends of the roots and tips of a plant called?

A

The apical meristem.

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12
Q

What kind of growth happens at the apical meristem?

A

Indeterminate growth.

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13
Q

What is the role of the cuticle in a plant?

A

it protects against desiccation (loss of water)

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14
Q

What is the role of stomata?

A

They are pores surrounded by guard cells that allows for gas exchange and water loss regulation.

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15
Q

What is a bryophyte?

A

It is a paraphyletic group of plants that are non-vascular and don’t produce seeds or flowers. They are the oldest group and consist of liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

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16
Q

Describe the life cycle of a bryophyte

A

It is haplodiplontic and gamete dominated. Spore germination depends on water.

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17
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

Filaments on bryophytes that attach to substrate.

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18
Q

What is the monophyletic group of plants that isn’t bryophytes?

A

Tracheophytes

19
Q

What is the defining feature or tracheophytes?

A

The sporophyte is larger, and the gametophyte is reduced in size.

20
Q

What does it mean for a plant to be vascularized?

A

It is a tracheophyte and has lignified (woody) tissue that transport waters and sugars.

21
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Water and minerals

22
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

It transports sugars.

23
Q

What is lignin?

A

It is the polymer in cell walls that makes things woody, it is good for support and it is water impermeable.

24
Q

What is it called when there is one type of leaf that produces a bisexual gamete? What plants is this common in?

A

The plant is homosporous. This is common in most seedless vascular plants.

25
Q

What plants produce a male and female gamete? What plants does this happen in?

A

Heterosporous plants do this. This happens in seeding plants.

26
Q

What are the advantages of heterospory?

A
  1. Each spore has specific selection with specific functions.
  2. A female gametophyte can better nourish the embryo.
  3. There is a higher genetic diversity because there is no self-fertilization because males and females can mature at different times.
27
Q

What is the newest paraphyletic group of plants?

A

Spermatophytes (seeding plants)

28
Q

What is a seed?

A

It is an embryo surrounded by nutritious substances and a protective coat.

29
Q

What are the 5 key innovations of seed plants?

A
  1. reduced (smaller) gametophytes is protected from environmental stresses, UV desiccation, and is directly nourished from the sporophyte.
  2. The Ovule (attached to the sporophyte) contains the megaspore, and allows for fertilization without water.
  3. Seed plants are heterosporous, there is a female and male spore.
    4.Microspores are enclosed within a pollen wall and can disperse very far.
  4. The production of a seed means the embryo is nourished and can resist drought/temperatures. Seeds can germinate under favorable conditions.
30
Q

What is another name for a male spore?

A

A microspore.

31
Q

What is another name for a female spore?

A

A megaspore.

32
Q

What is a gymnosperm?

A

It produces seeds, but no flowers.

33
Q

Why did gymnosperms adapt?

A

They evolved as the climate became dryer.

34
Q

What is an angiosperm?

A

It is a seeding plant that flowers. They make up more than 90% of all living plant species.

35
Q

What happens to the seed enclosure in an angiosperm?

A

The seed stays in a carpel that turns into a fruit.

36
Q

What are the two parts of a flower, and what do they produce?

A

The carpel produces the female gametophyte, and the stamen produces the male gametophyte.

37
Q

What is the fruit?

A

The mature ovary of a flower that help with seed dispersal.

38
Q

What is the name of wind dispersal of seeds?

A

Anemochory

39
Q

What is the name of animal dispersal of seeds?

A

Zoochory

40
Q

Does flower pollination depend on water?

A

No it has non-motile sperm.

41
Q

What is the difference between an ovary and an ovule.

A

An ovule matures into a seed where an ovary matures into a fruit.

42
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

The pollination between different plants.

43
Q

Describe the fertilization process of pollen/eggs.

A

There is a double fertilization, one sperm cell creates a zygote with the egg, and the other sperm cell fuses with the central cell endosperm tissue that nourishes the embryo.

Bio Midterm 2 (5 decks)

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