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Bio Midterm 2 > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the organization label of eukaryotes?

A

They are a monophyletic group.

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2
Q

What process made the first Eukaryotes? When did this happen?

A

Endosymbiosis happened roughly 1800 million years ago.

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3
Q

What is the typical size of a eukaryote cell?

A

10-100 micrometres

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4
Q

What is the description of the outer membrane?

A

The cell membrane is a selective barrier.

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5
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a eukaryote consist of?

A

It consists of cytosol (internal fluid), organelles (specialized function membrane bound), and inclusions (unsoluable substances)

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6
Q

What is the defining feature of a eukaryotic cell?

A

It has a membrane enclosed nucleus that contains the genetic material (chromosomes made of chromatin).

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7
Q

What are the two sections of ER in the eukaryote and what are their functions? What is the arrangement of ribosomes?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the synthesis of proteins with ribosomes, and the smooth ER has no ribosomes, but is responsible for the synthesis of lipids, carb metabolism, steroids, detoxification, and calcium storage.

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8
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

A

It is responsible for the trafficking and modifications of proteins and phospholipid modifications.

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9
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Powerhouse of the cell dawg, performs cellular respiration and users oxygen to make ATP. It has its own DNA too!

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10
Q

What is contained in the cytoskeleton of a eukaryote cell?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

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11
Q

What are peroxisomes responsible for?

A

They contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms to oxygen, which produces (and then degrades) toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

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12
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

They are digestive organelles and digest macromolecules.

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13
Q

What is different about eukaryotic flagellum versus prokaryotic ones?

A

Eukaryotic flagellum are composed of micro tubules.

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14
Q

What are photosynthetic eukaryotes?

A

They are cells with mitochondria and plastids

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15
Q

What are plastids composed of?

A

Chloroplasts (photosynthesis), Chromoplasts(colors), and Amyloplasts(starch storage)

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16
Q

What is specific about animal cells?

A

They lack cell walls and chloroplasts

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17
Q

What is specific about plant cells?

A

They have a central vacuole, a cell wall, plastids, and don’t have flagellum.

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18
Q

What is specific about fungi cells?

A

They lack flagella, they have cell walls made of chitin, and have less compartmentalization between cells.

19
Q

What is a syncytium? Where can it be found?

A

A syncytium is a multinucleate cell that comes from cell fusion, and can be found in fungi

20
Q

What is pseudopodia?

A

It is cellular extension used in moving and feeding.

21
Q

What are protists?

A

They are eukaryotic species that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

22
Q

How can we describe the resolution of the paraphyletic group protists?

A

They are phylogenetically unresolved and classification changes still.

23
Q

What are the three types of protists according to nutrition?

A

Photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs (photo + heterotrophy)

24
Q

What are the two types of protists according to reproduction?

A

Asexual and sexual

25
Q

What are the three classifications of protists according to life cycles?

A

Haplontic, diplontic, and haplo-diplontic

26
Q

What is the process called that produces haploid reproductive cells out of diploid cells?

A

Meiosis

27
Q

What is it called when two haploid cells differ in size?

A

Anisogamy

28
Q

What is it called when the two haploid gametes fuse to create a diploid zygote?

A

Fertilization

29
Q

What are the two disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

A
  1. It takes time to look for a partner
  2. Only half of one’s genes are passed down (two-fold cost of sex)
30
Q

What are two advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. New genetic combinations can be beneficial in changing environments
  2. There is an elimination of deleterious alleles from a population. Sexual reproduction speeds up adaptation.
31
Q

Define life cycle

A

The generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

32
Q

Describe a diplontic life cycle.

A

Diploid multicellular organisms go through meiosis to create gametes, which fuse with others through fertilization to make a zygote that goes through mitosis to make the diploid multicellular organism. Animals are diplontic.

33
Q

Describe a haplontic life cycle.

A

A unicellular zygote goes through meiosis and splits into gametes, which become unicellular/multicellular haploid organisms which go through fertilization to make a unicellular zygote again. Most fungi and some protists are haplontic.

34
Q

Describe a diplohaplontic life cycle.

A

A zygote undergoes mitosis to create a multicellular organism. This organism undergoes meiosis to release gametes which go through mitosis to establish a haploid multicellular organism, which fertilizes into the original zygote again. This occurs in plants and some algae.

35
Q

How many times did multicellular organisms appear independently?

A

25!

36
Q

What type of eukaryote is plasmodium? What is its life cycle?

A

It is a protist (that causes malaria) that has a haplontic life cycle.

37
Q

How does sickle cell anemia relate to plasmodium?

A

It prevents the infection of the host (but like you get no oxygen) so technically it is a heterozygote advantage.

38
Q

What type of eukaryote are dinoflagellates? Describe them and their characteristics.

A

They are protists with two flagella with a tendency to have population blooms. They are bioluminescent, they produce and emit light.

39
Q

Why do dinoflagellates bloom/bioluminesce?

A

They bloom in response to nutrient upwellings and changes in temperature/external factors. They bioluminesce due to mechanical stress/predator avoidance.

40
Q

What is the name of our profs home grown protist?

A

Myxomycetes (they can learn, be cut, can move, and have 720 sexes wow!)

41
Q

What are two important characteristics of fungi?

A
  1. They can reproduce sexually or asexually.
  2. They are heterotroph decomposers.
42
Q

What is the composition of lichen?

A

It is a a symbiotic association between green algae and a fungus.

43
Q

What is a choanoflagellate?

A

It is a protist with a single flagella for propulsion that has chitin in its cell walls.

Bio Midterm 2 (5 decks)

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