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Bio Midterm 2 > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group that includes LUCA and SOME of its descendants.

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2
Q

How many species of prokaryotes are there estimated to be?

A

750,000 species

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3
Q

What is the size of a prokaryote?

A

0.5-5 micrometeres

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4
Q

Do prokaryotes have a plasma membrane?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is prokaryotic cytoplasm made of?

A

cytosol: internal fluid containing organic molecules, proteins, waste, etc.

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6
Q

Is there a nucleus in prokaryotes?

A

No, there is a circular chromosome in the nucleoid region not enclosed by membranes.

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7
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Short appendages helping bacteria to adhere to the substrate or other cells.

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8
Q

What is a prokaryote capsule composed of?

A

A dense layer of polysaccharide or protein surrounds the cell wall that protects and allows the bacteria to adhere to substrates or cells.

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9
Q

What can we say about organelles in prokaryotes?

A

They don’t exist in prokaryotes, which don’t have membrane-enclosed structures.

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10
Q

What structure binds to DNA and packages genomes in eukaryotes, is present in some archaea, but is not present in bacteria?

A

Histones

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11
Q

What is the difference in cell walls between bacteria and archaea?

A

In bacteria it is made of peptidoglycan, in archaea it is made of pseudomurein.

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12
Q

What is the flagellum?

A

It is a long appendage specialized for locomotion.

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13
Q

What is a positive taxis? Negative Taxis?

A

When a cell moves towards a certain stimulus? A negative taxis means away from the stimulus.

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14
Q

What are the two classifications of bacteria based on their cell walls?

A

Gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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15
Q

What type of bacteria has a cell wall that is more resistant to antibiotic due to its water unsoluable properties?

A

Gram negative bacteria.

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16
Q

What is the number of human cells vs bacteria cells in a body?

A

10^12 human calls, 10^13 bacteria cells!

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17
Q

What do bacteria do in the body?

A

Digest, vitamin absorption, immunity, protect against infection, cause infection

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18
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

a community of microorganisms that live on the human body

19
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

20
Q

What prefix is associated with a prokaryote that gets energy from light vs chemicals?

A

photo(trough) vs chemo(troph)

21
Q

When prokaryotes get their carbon from inorganic compounds or organic compounds, what sound is included in the name?

A

Inorganic compound = auto(troph)
Organic compound = hetero (troph)

22
Q

What are the 4 types of prokaryote according to nutritional requirements?

A
  1. Photoautotroph
    2.Photoheterotroph
    3.Chemoautotroph
    4.Chemoheterotroph
23
Q

What are two roles of primary producers in an ecosystem?

A

They are responsible for absorbing energy from outside the ecosystem, and assimilating minerals into biomass.

24
Q

How do photoautotrophs convert abiotic molecules ? (3)

A
  1. They can convert CO2 into sugars
  2. They produce O2 used by chemoheterotrophs during respiration
  3. They fix N2 and produce amino acids/nucleic acids
25
Q

What do decomposers do?

A

They convert nonliving organic material into useable inorganic forms.

26
Q

What is the mechanism of reproduction in prokaryotes? Describe it lightly.

A

Binary fission (doubling in size and splitting in half)

27
Q

What is the origin of replication in a prokaryote?

A

It is the area (sequence) of a genome where replication of the genome begins.

28
Q

What are the 4 phases of a prokaryotic population graph? Lightly describe them.

A
  1. The lag phase is when the components for growth are being synthesized.
  2. The Log phase is the rapid growth of cells by division
  3. The stationary phase is when the population stops growing due to limiting environmental factors
  4. Death phase is described by an exponential loss of viability due to lack of oxygen or food, or prolonged exposure to waste.
29
Q

What is a LTEE? Who did the first one and when?

A

Richard Lenski started a “Long term Evolutionary Experiment” in 1988.

30
Q

What happened in Lenski’s experiment?

A

He grew E coli in low glucose medium, and they became more efficient glucose metabolizers. At roughly generation 33 thousand, a mutation emerged that allowed a population to use citrate as a carbon source.

31
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

A molecule that kills/inhibits bacteria growth

32
Q

How do cells resist antibiotics?

A

There is genetic variation, and from that variation, the genes that code proteins to be less susceptible to antibiotics are inherited, creating selection for resistance.

33
Q

What is the process called where prokaryotes donate cells to each other?

A

Conjugation

34
Q

What are the three steps of bacteria conjugation?

A
  1. The pilus draws a receiver cell closer.
  2. A mating bridge (direct contact) is formed.
  3. A plasmid (small circular chromosome) can be transferred.
35
Q

What does the F factor do in bacteria?

A

It houses genes required to make the sex pilus.

36
Q

What is selfish (bacterial) DNA?

A

DNA that enhances its own transmission.

37
Q

What is the role of the R plasmid in antibiotic resistance in a population of bacteria?

A

The R plasmid carries genes that confer antibiotic resistance. It can spread through conjugation. The R plasmid carries these genes as well as genes coding for the sex pilus like the F factor.

38
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria.

39
Q

What happens when bacteriophages infects a bacterium?

A

There is a transfer of DNA called transduction.

40
Q

What does the bacteriophage represent in transduction?

A

An intermediate between a donor cell and receiver cell.

41
Q

What is transformation as a type of bacterial genetic recombination?

A

Transformation is when DNA is released on cell death that can be taken up by another bacteria directly from the environment.

42
Q

Does bacteria transformation occur naturally?

A

Yes

43
Q

Why do labs use bacterial transformation?

A

For cloning and creating new strains.

44
Q
A

Bio Midterm 2 (5 decks)

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