The EU Flashcards
1
Q
What factors encouraged European integration after WWII?
A
2
Q
What are the main differences between intergovernmental and supranational cooperation?
A
3
Q
What did federalist and functionalist supporters of EU integration disagree over?
A
4
Q
What was the 1950 Schuman Declaration?
A
5
Q
What are tariffs and quotas?
A
6
Q
What is a free trade agreement?
A
7
Q
What is a customs union?
A
8
Q
How is a ‘common market’ different to a free trade area or customs union?
A
9
Q
What did the Treaty of Paris (1951) do?
What institutions were established and what were their role?
Were these institutions supranational or intergovernmental?
A
10
Q
Why were UK party leaders reluctant to join the new European Coal and Steel Community?
A
11
Q
Why did the UK form the European Free Trade Association?
A
12
Q
What attempts were made at political integration in the 1950s and why did they fail?
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13
Q
What did the 1957 Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community do
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14
Q
What did the 1957 Treaty establishing the European Economic Community do?
A
15
Q
Why did the Rome Treaty allow for the creation of a Common Agricultural Policy? How would the CAP function?
A
16
Q
What measures were included in the Rome Treaty to address the economic disparities between members?
A
17
Q
What is qualified majority voting? Where, when and how was it to be used in the European Communities?
A
18
Q
What did the 1965 Merger Treaty do?
After this Treaty, what institutions led the three European Communities?
A
19
Q
What happened in the case Van Gend en Loos (1963)? Why was the Court of Justice’s decision controversial?
What is the principle of direct effect?
A
20
Q
What did the European Court of Justice rule in Costa vs ENEL (1964)?
What is the principle of supremacy?
A
21
Q
What led to, and what was, the Luxembourg compromise?
A
22
Q
What factors were encouraging the UK to apply to the join the EC by the 1960s?
A
23
Q
Why did the UK’s first two applications fail?
Why was the UK’s third application successful?
A
24
Q
What did the 1970 Budgetary Treaty do?
Why did this Treaty create issues for the UK?
A
25
What concession did the UK obtain during its entry negotiations?
26
What did the European Communities Act (1972) do?
27
What did the 1975 EC Referendum ask, and what was the outcome?
28
What was European Political Cooperation?
29
What is the European Council?
30
What is the difference between fiscal policy and monetary policy?
31
What was the ‘Nixon shock’, and why did it encourage European monetary integration?
32
What was the European Monetary System? Why did the UK opt-out?
33
What principle did
Defrenne v Sabena (1976) establish?
34
What principle Cassis de Dijon (1979) establish?
35
How did Margaret Thatcher view the European Communities when she became Prime Minister in 1979?
36
What was the UK rebate?
37
What was the Single European Act (1986) designed to achieve/address?
What changes did it make to the Council of Ministers?
What changes did it make to the European Parliament?
38
What was the 1985 Schengen Agreement?
39
What was the 1989 ‘Social Charter’ and why didn’t the UK sign it?
40
Why was Thatcher so opposed to the idea of a single currency?
What role did Thatcher’s opposition to joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism play in her resignation?
41
What was the significance of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty?
What were three pillars of the ‘European Union’, and how were they different?
How did the Treaty strengthen the European Parliament?
What parts of the Treaty did the UK opt out of?
42
What was Black Wednesday?
Why did it make it harder to get the European Communities (Amendment) Bill through the Commons?
43
Why had Labour’s position on the EU changed by the 90s?
44
What were the main changes made by the Amsterdam Treaty?
What did it incorporate? How did it impact QMV?
How did it impact the EU’s pillar structure?
45
What is the Charter of Fundamental Rights?
46
Why had the UK not joined the Euro when it entered into circulation in 2002?
47
How and why did the Nice Treaty reform QMV in the Council of Ministers?
48
How was the proposed EU Constitution different to previous EU treaties?
49
How different was the 2007 Lisbon Treaty to the abandoned draft EU constitution?
50
What is the ‘ordinary legislative procedure’ under the Lisbon Treaty
51
How did the Lisbon Treaty reform QMV?
52
What impact did the Lisbon Treaty have on the Charter of Fundamental Rights?
53
What new positions were created by the Lisbon Treaty?
54
How did the Lisbon Treaty reform the EU’s pillar structure?
55
How did the Lisbon Treaty’s ‘reasoned opinion’ system work?
56
What are the key differences between the EU’s intergovernmental and supranational institutions?
57
1) European Commission
What are the main responsibilities of the European Commission?
How are Commissioners appointed?
Who supports the work of the Commissioners?
58
2) The European Council
What is the role of the European Council?
Who attends European Council meetings?
59
3) European Parliament
How are the European Parliament’s 705 seats allocated?
How are MEPs grouped?
What are the European Parliament’s main powers?
60
4) Council of the EU
What is the Council of the EU (Council of Ministers?)
Why does it sit in ten different configurations?
How does the Council of the EU take decisions?
61
What is the EU’s ordinary legislative procedure?
62
What are the differences between EU regulations and EU directives?
63
5) Court of Justice of the EU
What is the CJEU’s role?
What do the cases brought to the CJEU often involve?
How are CJEU judges appointed?
64
Aim 1 - Promote peace, its values, and the well-being of citizens
65
Aim 2 – Create an area of freedom, security and justice without internal frontiers
66
Aim 3 – Establish a highly competitive single market
67
Aim 4 – Combat social exclusion and discrimination & promote economic, social and territorial cohesion
68
Aim 5 - Establish an economic and monetary union
69
Aim 6 – Promote the EU’s values and interests globally
70
Why did Remainers and Leavers see the EU’s impact on ‘sovereignty’ so differently?
71
What are the key differences between monist and dualist legal systems?
72
Why was the European Communities Act described as a ‘conduit pipe’ for EU law?
73
What impact did the 2018 Withdrawal Act have on this ‘pipeline’?
74
What was ‘retained EU law’? What was its legal status? How was it to be interpreted?
75
How much power did UK ministers have to amend this retained EU law?
76
Why was the ongoing influence of ‘retained EU law’ controversial?
77
What impact would the original Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill have had on retained EU law?
Why was this approach abandoned?
78
What did the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act (2023) do?
How much ‘retained EU law’ did the Act ‘sunset’?
What is assimilated law, and how is it different to retained EU law?
How much power do UK ministers have to amend, repeal and replace these assimilated laws?
79
What were the three main issues that the EU said had to be resolved in a ‘Withdrawal Agreement’?
80
What does the Northern Ireland Protocol require Northern Ireland to do?
What is the significance of the Northern Ireland Protocol’s annexes?
Why was Northern Ireland said to be left ‘dynamically aligned’ with EU law?
What criticisms were made of the Protocol?
81
Why did the Withdrawal agreement provide for a ‘transition period’, and how did this work?
82
What is the role of the EU-UK Joint Committee?
What powers does the Joint Committee have?
What happens if the Joint Committee cannot reach a decision?
83
Why is Article 4 of the Withdrawal Agreement so significant? What did it require the UK to do?
84
What did the EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act (2020) do?
What similarities/ differences does it have with the 1972 European Communities Act?
85
What is ‘relevant separation agreement law’?
What limits does this body of law place on Parliamentary sovereignty?
86
How does the Windsor Framework attempt to ease trade in the UK’s internal market?
How does the Windsor Framework attempt to address the Protocol’s ‘democratic deficit’?
87
Why do critics believe that even the Windsor Framework leaves significant limits on UK sovereignty in place?
88
How frictionless is UK-EU trade under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement?
89
What are some factors that might discourage regulatory divergence with the EU?
90
How free is the trade in services under the TCA?
91
What is the significance of the TCA’s ‘level playing field’ and ‘non- regression’ provisions?
92
How does the TCA’s dispute resolution procedure work?
93
What did the EU (Future Relationship) Act (2020) do?
94
Why did Boris Johnson describe the TCA as a ‘cakeist treaty’?
Why do supporters believe that the TCA restores UK sovereignty?
95
Why do critics disagree with Johnson’s claim?
Why do critics believe that the TCA leaves in place many of the limits on UK sovereignty that existed when the UK was a member of the EU?
96
What encouraged the EEC to finalise plans for a Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in 1970?
What would this CFP entail? What impact would it have on the UK?
97
What effect did the 1972 Accession Treaty have on the CFP, and why?
98
How did the development of ‘exclusive economic zones’ influence the development of the CFP?
99
When the CFP launched in 1983, how did it work?
What was the ‘total allowable catch’ system?
100
What was ‘quota hopping’? How did the Merchant Shipping Act (1988) aim to stop it?
101
What was unusual about Factortame’s request for an injunction, and why did the European Court of Justice rule that one had to be granted?
102
Why did Lord Bridge argue that it was the court’s duty to disapply provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act?
103
What changes has the UK been able to make to its fisheries policy since leaving both the EU and the London Fisheries Convention?
What limits still exist on the UK’s fisheries policy?
104
What was the Social Charter, and why did PM Margaret Thatcher refuse to sign it?
105
What was the Maastricht Treaty’s Social Chapter, and why did PM John Major secure a UK opt- out from it?
106
What did the Working Time Directive require member states to do?
What changes were made to the directive at the UK’s insistence?
107
Why did the UK challenge the Working Time Directive at the European Court of Justice?
108
What did the European Court of Justice rule in UK v. Council (1994)?
109
What are the Working Time Regulations (1998)?
110
Why did EU working time rules remain on UK statute books after the UK left the EU?
111
How much have working time rules been changed since the UK left the EU?
112
What factors may discourage ministers from proposing significant changes to working time rules?
