The Era of the Great War Flashcards
1
Q
Where did the Cameronians primarily recruit from?
A
Glasgow and Lanarkshire
The Cameronians were a Scottish regiment with strong local recruitment.
2
Q
Which city did the Royal Scots primarily attract recruits from?
A
Edinburgh
The Royal Scots were one of the oldest regiments in the British Army.
3
Q
What was one reason men found it less scary to be away from home when enlisting?
A
They could sign up alongside family members or friends from their town
This provided a sense of camaraderie and support.
4
Q
What type of imagery was used in propaganda to encourage enlistment?
A
Images romanticising Scotland’s military tradition with kilts and bagpipes
This aimed to invoke feelings of pride and heritage.
5
Q
What factor significantly influenced recruitment numbers in certain areas?
A
Fear of unemployment
High unemployment made military service seem like an attractive option.
6
Q
What opportunities did men perceive in joining the military?
A
Seeing new places and performing heroic deeds
Many viewed enlistment as a way to escape mundane jobs.
7
Q
How were women involved in encouraging men to enlist?
A
They pressed men into service by giving them a white feather
This symbolized cowardice for not enlisting.
8
Q
What was one effect of propaganda on Scottish enlistment?
A
It evoked patriotism by using symbols of Scottish military history
The kilt was a prominent symbol in these efforts.
9
Q
What are Pals Battalions?
A
Groups formed to enlist men who knew each other, making enlistment more appealing
Example: McCrae’s Battalion from Hearts football club.
10
Q
What social pressure influenced men to volunteer?
A
Fear of being given the white feather as a symbol of cowardice
This created a strong peer pressure to enlist.
11
Q
What sense did patriotism instill in Scots regarding enlistment?
A
A sense of pride to be Scottish and a duty to fight for King and country
This emotional appeal was significant in motivating enlistment.
12
Q
How did ‘war fever’ affect enlistment in Scotland?
A
Men were excited and carried away by the thrill of war
Propaganda portrayed the war as an adventure.
13
Q
What economic factor motivated men to enlist?
A
The prospect of being paid to serve
Soldiering was seen as a respectable way out of poverty.
14
Q
What was the common belief about the duration of the war when it began?
A
The war would be ‘over by Christmas’
This misconception led many to enlist enthusiastically.
15
Q
What type of slogans influenced Scottish enlistment?
A
Patriotic appeal of slogans
These slogans played into the existing martial tradition of Scotland.
16
Q
What stories affected Scots’ perceptions of the German Army?
A
Stories of spies and ‘Belgian Atrocities’
Such narratives fueled anger and a desire to enlist.
17
Q
What condition often resulted from wearing poorly fitting boots in muddy conditions?
A
Trench foot
Trench foot could cause feet to swell significantly and lead to severe complications, including amputation.
18
Q
What were the common symptoms of trench foot?
A
- Swelling of feet to two or three times their normal size
- Numbness
- Skin peeling off upon removal of boots
19
Q
What psychological condition is referred to as shell shock?
A
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Shell shock results from severe trauma experienced during war, affecting soldiers long after the conflict ends.
20
Q
List some symptoms of shell shock.
A
- Anxiety
- Nightmares
- Severe guilt
- Sickness
- Blindness
- Deafness
21
Q
What physical symptom did soldiers experience related to the kills they committed?
A
Hysterical tics in facial muscles
This symptom was reported in soldiers who had bayoneted men in the face.
22
Q
What was trench fever and how was it transmitted?
A
An illness caused by body lice
Symptoms included high fever, headaches, aching muscles, and sores on the skin.
23
Q
How long did it typically take to recover from trench fever?
A
Around twelve weeks
24
Q
What adverse conditions did soldiers face in the trenches?
A
- Infestation of rats
- Poor hygiene
- Lack of washing
- Cold temperatures
25
What was the typical rotation schedule for soldiers in the trenches?
* 4 days in the frontline
* 4 days in support
* 8 days in reserve
26
What was the impact of the food shortage in Britain on soldiers?
Strict rations were implemented
27
Describe the condition of the food rations provided to soldiers.
Designed to provide necessary vitamins and food groups but often tasted awful
28
Why were trenches infested with rats?
Lack of cats and presence of rotting corpses
29
What was the typical state of soldiers' hygiene while in the frontline?
Men could go over a month without washing
30
How did trench warfare in World War One differ from traditional battles?
Both sides dug trenches and fought over the land in between instead of charging at each other
31
What were the living conditions like for soldiers in the trenches?
Very hard and uncomfortable with negative impacts on physical and mental health
32
Fill in the blank: Trench foot could lead to _______ if not treated properly.
Amputation
33
True or False: Soldiers in World War One often experienced a comfortable lifestyle.
False
34
What battles did Scots play a significant role in during WWI?
Loos, the Somme, Arras and Cambrai
35
Who became commander-in-chief of the BEF in 1915?
Douglas Haig
36
How many Scots took part in the battles mentioned?
30,000
37
What was used for the first time by the British in these battles?
Poison gas
38
What was the result of the British attack due to German reinforcements?
Limited success
39
What percentage of names on the memorial at Loos are Scottish?
One third
40
How many Victoria Crosses were awarded to Scots after the battle?
Five
41
What was the aim of the attack planned to take pressure off the French?
To end the stalemate by achieving a breakthrough
42
What type of warfare characterized battles in WWI?
Trench warfare
43
Fill in the blank: The attacks usually followed this pattern: Step 1: artillery bombardment, Step 2: Going ‘over-the-top’, Step 3: Take enemy trench, Step 4: _______.
Retaliate with counter attack
44
What was a significant consequence of the attacks during WWI?
Heavy casualties and slow progress
45
True or False: Generals were praised for their strategies during the battles.
False
46
What strict measure was enforced in the military during WWI?
Strict military discipline
47
What happened to soldiers for desertion during WWI?
They were shot
48
On the first day of the Battle of the Somme, how many British casualties were there?
60,000
49
How many were killed among the British casualties on the first day of the Battle of the Somme?
20,000
50
What was the impact of the artillery bombardment on German trenches?
Their deep concrete dug-outs were not damaged and the barbed wire remained intact
51
What tactic did British troops employ that led to heavy casualties?
Ordered to walk across no-mans-land
52
What was a particularly unpleasant weapon that could burn skin, eyes, and lungs?
Gas
## Footnote
Different types of poison gas included chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas.
53
Which type of gas was considered the worst and had no color?
Mustard gas
## Footnote
Mustard gas could penetrate skin, rendering gas masks ineffective.
54
What factor influenced the success of gas attacks?
Wind direction
55
What does artillery refer to?
Heavy guns (e.g. howitzers) that fire shells.
56
Why was artillery considered an effective weapon?
Long range and very destructive
## Footnote
Although often failed to destroy barbed wire.
57
What caused more casualties than any other weapon?
Artillery
58
What could cause amputation or a slow and painful death when using artillery?
Shrapnel from shells
59
How many rounds could machine guns fire per minute?
Around 500 rounds
60
How many operators were required to operate a machine gun?
Between 4 to 8 operators
61
What is a characteristic of the Vickers Gun?
Accurate and had a range of 4100m
62
What were tanks used for during WW1?
Destroying barbed wire and breaking through enemy trenches
63
When were tanks first used in WW1?
At the Battle of the Somme
64
What were some common issues faced by tanks during the war?
Broke down, got stuck in the mud, ran out of fuel
65
What was the original use of tanks before their combat role?
Spotting the enemy and gathering intelligence
66
What advancements were made to fighter planes later in the war?
Fitted with machine guns
67
What type of planes were developed that could drop bombs on the enemy?
Heavier planes
68
By 1918, what capability did planes have?
Drop bombs on Berlin
69
What was prohibited regarding military matters in public places?
No-one was allowed to talk about naval or military matters in public places
## Footnote
This restriction aimed to maintain secrecy and prevent the spread of information that could be beneficial to the enemy.
70
What was not allowed to be spread about military matters?
No-one was allowed to spread rumours about military matters
## Footnote
Rumours could cause panic or misinformation, impacting public morale.
71
What item was prohibited from being purchased?
No-one was allowed to buy binoculars
## Footnote
This was likely to prevent civilians from spying on military activities.
72
What actions were prohibited regarding railway lines or bridges?
No-one was allowed to trespass on railway lines or bridges
## Footnote
This was to ensure safety and security of transportation routes vital for military logistics.
73
What types of fires were not allowed during this period?
No-one was allowed to light bonfires or fireworks
## Footnote
This restriction was to prevent signals that could be interpreted by enemy forces.
74
What was prohibited concerning animals?
No-one was allowed to give bread to horses or chickens
## Footnote
This was likely a measure to control food supplies during wartime.
75
What writing method was banned when writing abroad?
No-one was allowed to use invisible ink when writing abroad
## Footnote
Invisible ink could be used for secret communications that might compromise security.
76
What was prohibited regarding church bells?
No-one was allowed to ring church bells
## Footnote
This was likely to prevent the signaling of troop movements or alerts.
77
What power did the government have over land and property?
The government could take over any land, factory or workshop
## Footnote
This was part of the wartime measures to ensure resources were available for the war effort.
78
What could the government do to newspapers?
The government could censor newspapers
## Footnote
Censorship was used to control information and maintain public morale.
79
What time change was introduced to provide more daylight for work?
British Summer Time was introduced
## Footnote
This was aimed at maximizing productivity during the war.
80
What were the new pub opening hours during this period?
Opening hours in pubs were cut to 5 1/2 hours a day
## Footnote
This restriction was likely aimed at reducing alcohol consumption during wartime.
81
What change was made to beer in pubs?
Beer was watered down in pubs
## Footnote
This was another measure aimed at reducing alcohol consumption.
82
What was prohibited regarding buying drinks?
People were not allowed to buy a round of drinks
## Footnote
This restriction was likely intended to minimize social gatherings and alcohol consumption.
83
When was the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) introduced?
On 8th August 1914
## Footnote
DORA allowed the government to legislate on various matters impacting the war.
84
What was the purpose of the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA)?
To allow the government to pass laws affecting public or private life in relation to the war
## Footnote
This included a wide range of controls to ensure national security.
85
What was one effect of DORA on Scottish civilians?
Scottish civilians faced Government control over their actions and their behaviour
## Footnote
This increased government oversight was intended to bolster national security.
86
What did the government aim to maintain through DORA?
The country’s morale
## Footnote
Maintaining morale was crucial for public support of the war effort.
87
What were two government aims during the war?
* Prevent invasion
* Stop spies from entering Britain
## Footnote
These aims were central to the national security strategy during the war.
88
What was a common sentiment among people regarding DORA?
Some people resented the restriction of their civil liberties
## Footnote
Many felt that their personal freedoms were being unduly limited.
89
What became illegal as a result of DORA?
Going on strike became illegal
## Footnote
This was met with discontent as workers could not advocate for better conditions.
90
What was a consequence of letter censorship under DORA?
Letters and correspondence were often checked or censored
## Footnote
This interference led to unhappiness among the public regarding their privacy.
91
How did the changes under DORA affect pub owners?
Pub opening hours were reduced and beer was watered down
## Footnote
These changes made it harder for pub owners to maintain their businesses.
92
What was the primary reason for introducing rationing in Britain during the war?
To provide food to keep people alive during food shortages
## Footnote
Food shortages were exacerbated by German U-boat attacks on merchant ships and disruptions in food imports.
93
In what year was food rationing introduced in Britain?
1917
## Footnote
Rationing was implemented to ensure fair distribution of food items.
94
What items were commonly rationed during the war?
* Sugar
* Meat
* Butter
* Tea
## Footnote
These items were crucial for daily nutrition and were in short supply.
95
What were ration books used for?
To record purchases of rationed food items
## Footnote
This system helped manage and monitor the distribution of limited food supplies.
96
When did rationing end in Britain after the war?
1920
## Footnote
The end of rationing marked a return to normal food supply conditions.
97
How did rationing affect the health of some individuals?
Some people's health improved due to a more balanced diet
## Footnote
Rationing forced individuals to consume a variety of foods instead of relying on limited choices.
98
What illegal market emerged as a result of rationing?
A 'black market' for food
## Footnote
This market developed as people sought to bypass rationing restrictions.
99
True or False: The German U-boats were attacking British merchant ships during the war.
True
## Footnote
This tactic was aimed at starving the British population and disrupting supply lines.
100
Fill in the blank: The British government relied on _______ to increase food production during the war.
farms, gardens and allotments
## Footnote
These efforts were crucial to mitigate the impact of food shortages.
101
What was one consequence of increased food scarcity during the war?
Sellers increased prices, making food less affordable for poor people
## Footnote
This economic strain highlighted the disparities between different social groups.
102
What was the role of propaganda in relation to food during the war?
To encourage people not to waste food
## Footnote
Despite efforts, propaganda campaigns were not fully successful in preventing food shortages.
103
Why was it important to ensure soldiers received adequate food supplies?
To provide them with the energy needed to keep fighting
## Footnote
Soldiers were prioritized in food distribution due to their critical role in the war effort.
104
How many tons of British merchant shipping had been sunk by August 1917?
1,500,000 tons
## Footnote
This significant loss contributed to the lack of resources and food shortages.
105
Why did people living in cities require rationing?
They did not have gardens to grow their own food
## Footnote
This situation made them more reliant on government food distribution.
106
What was one of the laws introduced under DORA that relates to food rationing?
Answer varies depending on specific laws discussed
## Footnote
DORA included various measures to manage resources during the war.
107
What was one opportunity women gained during the Great War?
Women had the opportunity to prove themselves in a male-dominated society.
## Footnote
This change allowed women to take on roles traditionally held by men.
108
How did the war impact women's employment?
With many men going to war, women replaced them in the workplace.
## Footnote
This shift filled significant gaps in various industries.
109
What organisation was created for women during the war to work on planes?
The Women’s Royal Air Force
## Footnote
Women served as mechanics in this organization.
110
True or False: Women were politicians during the war.
False
## Footnote
Women did not hold political positions during this period.
111
True or False: Women worked in factories during the war.
True
## Footnote
Many women took on factory jobs to support the war effort.
112
True or False: Women were captains of ships during the war.
False
## Footnote
There is no record of women serving as ship captains during this time.
113
True or False: Women flew RAF planes during the war.
False
## Footnote
Women did not fly RAF planes; they served in ground roles.
114
True or False: Women served as nurses during the war.
True.
## Footnote
Nursing was one of the key roles women undertook.
115
True or False: Women worked on farms during the war.
True
## Footnote
Women contributed significantly to agricultural work.
116
What was widely believed about women's roles before the war?
A woman’s place was in the home
## Footnote
This belief reflected societal norms at the time.
117
According to the 1911 Scottish census, what percentage of working women were servants?
Over half of women working were servants or made clothing
## Footnote
This highlights the limited job opportunities available to women.
118
List types of jobs women did during the war.
* Munitions factories
* Conductors on trams and buses
* Typists and secretaries
* Women’s Land Army
* Nurses
* Policewomen
* Mechanics
* Domestic servants and nannies
## Footnote
These roles were essential to support the war effort.
119
How did attitudes towards women change during the war?
It became more acceptable for women to go out alone and take on greater responsibilities
## Footnote
The war challenged traditional gender roles.
120
What happened to women's wartime jobs after the war ended?
The majority of women did not keep their wartime jobs
## Footnote
Many returned to traditional roles despite their contributions.
121
Fill in the blank: The term 'munitions' refers to _______.
Weapons
## Footnote
This includes items like ammunition and explosives used in warfare.
122
What does 'census' mean?
A survey of the whole nation to find out who lives there
## Footnote
Censuses are conducted periodically to gather demographic data.
123
What does 'inhabit' mean?
To live
## Footnote
This term is often used in the context of populations and their residences.
124
What is propaganda?
Information produced to persuade people to think a certain way
## Footnote
During the Great War, the British Government used propaganda to boost morale and ensure support for the war.
125
What were examples of WWI propaganda?
* Posters (to encourage men to sign up)
* Films (to show British soldiers as heroes)
* Newspaper articles (made up stories about German atrocities in Belgium)
* Censorship of newspapers and soldiers’ letters
## Footnote
These methods were used to cover up negative information about the war.
126
What was the aim of propaganda during WWI?
To encourage British people to support the war effort
## Footnote
This support was manifested in various ways, often appealing to patriotism and duty.
127
What should a propaganda poster include?
* A motivational catchphrase
* An image that captures attention
* A clear aim (e.g. get men to sign up for war)
## Footnote
These elements help to effectively convey the intended message.
128
True or False: Propaganda was only used in the form of posters during WWI.
False
## Footnote
Propaganda also included films, newspaper articles, and censorship.
129
Fill in the blank: Propaganda was designed to encourage British people to support the _______.
War effort
130
What are key features of effective propaganda messages?
* Patriotic messages
* Appeals to people's sense of duty
## Footnote
These features were common in propaganda during WWI.
131
What is the purpose of evaluating different propaganda posters?
To work out what message they are trying to convey and why
## Footnote
This evaluation helps to understand the techniques used in propaganda.
132
What is a motivational catchphrase?
A phrase designed to inspire action or support
## Footnote
It is a key component of effective propaganda.
133
What is a Conscientious Objector?
Someone who refuses to fight in a war for moral, political, or religious beliefs
134
What derogatory term was used for Conscientious Objectors?
Conchies
135
What were some social repercussions faced by Conscientious Objectors?
* Verbal abuse
* Physical abuse
* Negative propaganda
* Humiliation through white feathers
136
What were military tribunals?
Courts set up to hear the cases of Conscientious Objectors
137
What duties did some Conscientious Objectors agree to perform?
* Non-combatant duties
* Stretcher bearers
138
What were the consequences for those who refused to help the war effort?
They were sent to prison or labour camps.
139
What was Dyce Quarry known for?
It was a labour camp in Aberdeen where Conscientious Objectors faced harsh conditions
140
How many Conscientious Objectors are known to have died due to harsh treatment?
At least 73
141
What beliefs characterized Religious Objectors?
They believed in 'Thou shalt not kill' and refused to fight on religious grounds
142
Which groups were known for their religious objections?
* Quakers
* Jehovah Witnesses
143
What political belief did some Conscientious Objectors hold?
They believed the Germans were the same as them, just from another country
144
What was the purpose of the white feather given to men not in military uniform?
To humiliate them and shame them into enlisting
145
What was a common form of abuse faced by Conscientious Objectors in everyday life?
Verbal abuse
146
What type of campaigns did newspapers run against Conscientious Objectors?
Campaigns featuring abusive cartoons and articles
147
What were the conditions like in Dyce Camp?
Dreadful; men were forced to break rocks and faced physical abuse
148
What were some punishments inflicted on inmates in labour camps?
* Beatings
* Solitary confinement
* Suspension by wrists
* Being held in wooden cages
149
What did some men do in protest while in labour camps?
Went on hunger strikes
150
Were Conscientious Objectors treated well during the First World War?
No
151
What does the term 'conscription' mean?
Compulsory enlistment to the army
152
What is the definition of a Conscientious Objector?
Someone who disagrees with war for a specific reason, often moral or religious
153
What factors led to the introduction of conscription?
Heavy casualties during the war
154
What was the Military Service Act?
A law passed in January 1916 that enforced conscription
155
Who was initially targeted for conscription under the Military Service Act?
Single men between the ages of 19 and 40
156
When was conscription extended to married men?
In May 1916
157
What exemptions existed for conscription?
* Men who were unwell
* Men working in reserved occupations
158
How many Scottish men joined up in WWI?
Over 557,000 Scottish men joined up in WWI
159
What was the casualty rate for Scottish soldiers in WWI?
The Scottish casualty rate was 26%
160
What was the overall casualty rate in the British army during WWI?
The overall casualty rate in the British army was 11%
161
How many military and civilian casualties were there in WWI?
Over 37 million military and civilian casualties
162
How many deaths occurred as a result of WWI?
Over 16 million deaths
163
How many people were wounded in WWI?
20 million wounded
164
What percentage of Scottish families were affected by WWI casualties?
Nearly every family was affected
165
Fill in the blank: The total number of military and civilian casualties in WWI was over _______.
37 million
166
What were some consequences of high casualty numbers on local communities?
High rates of suicide among ex-servicemen, widespread grief, and community memorials
167
What is Armistice Day?
Armistice Day is 11th November 1918 – the official end of World War One
168
What is Remembrance Day?
Remembrance Day is the official day to remember those who have died in conflict
169
What impact did the war have on men who returned?
Many men who returned were never the same again
170
True or False: War memorials were erected in most towns and villages in Scotland after WWI.
True
171
What is a casualty?
A person who is killed or injured (in war)
172
What are some reasons for remembering World War One?
To honour the fallen, understand the impact of conflict, and reflect on the cost of war
173
What are 'reserved occupations'?
Jobs that were deemed too important to the war effort to allow men to leave to go to war
## Footnote
These occupations were exempt from conscription during WW1.
174
What year did the government issue a list of ‘Reserved Occupations’?
1916
## Footnote
This list identified essential workers who were vital to the war effort.
175
Name three examples of reserved occupations in Scotland during WW1.
* Police
* Farmers
* Doctors
## Footnote
These roles were critical to maintaining order and providing essential services.
176
Why were farmers considered a reserved occupation during WW1?
They were needed to grow food for troops and civilians
## Footnote
Food supplies were crucial, especially during blockades.
177
What was the role of coastguards during WW1?
They guarded Scotland’s shoreline and escorted merchant and hospital ships
## Footnote
This protection was vital during the threat of enemy invasion.
178
True or False: Doctors were not in high demand during WW1.
False
## Footnote
Male doctors were kept busy tending to the sick and wounded at home and at the front.
179
Fill in the blank: Coal was essential to industry and was needed to run _______.
Steam engines
## Footnote
Coal was also crucial for electricity and heating.
180
How many workers were employed in the Clyde shipyards during WW1?
100,000
## Footnote
The Clyde was the most important center of shipbuilding in Britain.
181
What did the government do to coal miners in 1916?
Took over the mines, gave miners more pay, and excused them from conscription
## Footnote
This was to ensure coal production remained stable during the war.
182
What was the importance of clergymen during WW1?
They looked after the pastoral needs of their parishes and some served as chaplains
## Footnote
This allowed men to receive communion and support.
183
Describe the role of munitions factories during WW1.
They produced munitions and provided jobs for laborers building new factories
## Footnote
Factories like Beardmore’s employed thousands for war production.
184
What was the role of nurses during World War One?
Nurses treated soldiers at home and on the front line, often as volunteers with little or no medical training
## Footnote
Many nurses also worked on non-war-related medical cases.
185
What was the responsibility of women in the postal service during WW1?
Women ensured large numbers of letters and postcards from soldiers reached their families and friends
## Footnote
This included sending letters and parcels to men on the front line.
186
How were women treated in teaching roles during WW1?
Despite having the same training and timetable as men, women were paid less than 80% of men's salaries
## Footnote
Women taught in both elementary and boys' grammar schools.
187
What was the government's realization regarding the transport system during WW1?
Keeping the transport system operational was essential to the war effort, leading to women being brought in as conductors
## Footnote
Men often remained as drivers.
188
What crisis arose in 1916 regarding war materials?
There was a shortage of war materials, prompting women to work in munitions factories
## Footnote
Working with explosives was dangerous, leading to accidents and injuries.
189
What was the role of women in textile factories during WW1?
Women worked to manufacture uniforms quickly for soldiers, switching from home goods to war-related items
## Footnote
This was crucial for meeting the urgent needs of soldiers and sailors.
190
What roles did women take on in businesses and offices during WW1?
Women filled office jobs previously held by men, performing tasks like bookkeeping and operating switchboards
## Footnote
Their skills extended beyond just typing.
191
What were the duties of women working in shops during WW1?
Women packed groceries, served customers, and dressed shop windows, often under strict appearance guidelines.
## Footnote
They typically received about half the pay of men for the same jobs.
192
What was the Women's Land Army (WLA)?
The WLA was established in 1915 to address the shortage of farm workers due to men going to war
## Footnote
By 1918, around 20,000 WLA volunteers worked alongside 250,000 other women in agriculture.
193
What types of domestic work continued during WW1?
Servants performed household tasks like making fires, sweeping, dusting, and waiting at tables.
194
Fill in the blank: Women worked in ________ to ensure food production during WW1.
Land Army
195
Fill in the blank: Women created munitions such as ________ in factories.
Bombs
196
True or False: Women were often paid the same as men for their work during WW1.
False
197
Explain why women's work in nursing was vital to the war effort.
They helped nurse wounded soldiers back to health so they could continue fighting
198
Explain why women's work in the postal service was vital to the war effort.
They sent letters and parcels to men on the frontlines, boosting their morale
199
List some jobs women did during WW1.
* Nurses
* Teachers
* Munitions factory workers
* Transport conductors
* Shop workers
* Land Army workers
* Domestic servants
200
What effect did World War 1 have on Scotland’s industry?
Scotland's industry appeared healthy due to war preparations but declined after the war ended in 1918
201
What are the four main industries in Scotland?
* Iron and steel industry
* Coal mining
* Textiles
* Shipbuilding
202
What is heavy industry?
The manufacture of large, heavy articles and materials in bulk.
203
What caused a decline in heavy industry after World War 1?
* Reliance on war orders
* Lack of investment in new technology
* Weak world trade
* Foreign competition
* Industrial action
204
How did reliance on war orders contribute to the decline of heavy industry?
Business thrived during the war, leading owners to avoid investing in new technology, resulting in fewer orders post-war
205
What technological changes occurred during the war that affected heavy industry?
Methods of producing ships advanced with greater use of automatic machinery, and the jute industry needed new machinery
206
How did world trade impact heavy industry after the war?
The post-war economy was weak, particularly in Europe, leading to a decline in demand for Scottish products
207
What role did foreign competition play in the decline of heavy industry?
Companies abroad were able to produce cheaper goods due to industrialisation and government subsidies
208
What was the impact of industrial action on heavy industry?
Strikes occurred due to worker dissatisfaction, leading to Scottish companies being seen as unreliable
209
What is the definition of 'depression' in an economic context?
A long and severe economic recession
210
What is the definition of 'investment'?
Investing money for profit
211
Fill in the blank: After World War 1, Scotland's industries went into _______.
Decline
212
True or False: The decline in shipbuilding in the 1920s had a damaging effect on the iron and steel industries.
True
213
What did Scotland's manufacturers fail to do that contributed to the decline in heavy industry?
Invest in new technology
214
What was one reason for the decline in demand for merchant ships in the 1920s?
The slump of the 1920s
215
What did industrial unrest lead to in terms of Scottish industries?
Damaged reputation and loss of orders
216
What were the consequences of overseas competitors producing quality goods more cheaply?
Scottish industries lost contracts and orders
217
What is agriculture?
The practice of farming, including the cultivation of the soil for growing crops and the rearing of animals for food, wool, and other products
218
What initial impact did the war have on Scottish farming?
The war initially hit Scottish farming hard due to the enlistment of farm workers and horses
219
How did some farmers benefit from the war?
Many farmers did very well, with some farm workers seeing their wages double, especially those rearing sheep for wool
220
What was the government’s need for wool during the war?
The government needed wool for soldiers’ blankets and uniforms
221
What happened to agriculture in Scotland after the war?
Agriculture declined as machines replaced workers and animals, and wool was no longer in demand
222
What was the fishing industry like in Scotland before the war?
The fishing industry was very important, exporting large amounts of herring to Germany and Russia
223
What negative effects did the war have on the fishing industry?
The North Sea was closed due to German naval threats, and many fishing boats were taken by the Navy
224
What challenges did the fishing industry face after the war?
There were more boats than fish, making it difficult for many boats to stay in business and sell fish
225
What markets were lost for the fishing industry after the war?
The German and Russian markets were lost
226
Fill in the blank: The war caused many farm workers to _______.
Enlist in the military
227
True or False: After the war, wool remained in high demand.
False
228
What are the learning intentions regarding the impact of war on industry?
To describe the impact of the Great War on fishing and agriculture and evaluate the usefulness of a historical source
229
What is Source A's assessment of the changes in industry in Scotland during the 1920s?
Source A is fairly useful as evidence of the changes in industry in Scotland in the 1920s
## Footnote
It highlights both successful industries like carpets and knitwear and the decline of heavy industries.
230
What industries were successful in Scotland during the 1920s according to Source A?
* Carpets
* Linoleum
* Hosiery
* Knitwear
## Footnote
These industries were successful despite being modest employers of labour.
231
True or False: Heavy industries were very important in Scotland during WWI.
True
## Footnote
This statement reflects the industrial context of Scotland during the war.
232
Fill in the blank: The inter-war period was not all doom and gloom for the Scottish industry; for those in a job, _______ rose for much of the period.
Standards of living
## Footnote
This highlights improvement for some workers despite overall industrial decline.
233
What challenges did new industries face in Scotland during the 1920s?
* Large areas not connected to the national grid
* Mass unemployment and poverty
* Lack of transferable skills among workers
## Footnote
These challenges hindered the development of new industries in Scotland.
234
What was the impact of foreign competition on heavy industry in Scotland?
It was a reason for the decline of heavy industry
## Footnote
This indicates external pressures affecting local industries.
235
True or False: It would be correct to describe Glasgow as the workshop of the world nowadays.
False
## Footnote
This reflects the current state of industry compared to its historical significance.
236
What does 'Strike' mean in the context of rental agreements?
To stop doing something, e.g. to stop paying the rent
## Footnote
This term is often used in labor contexts as well.
237
Define 'Evict'.
To be thrown out, e.g. to be thrown out of your home
## Footnote
Eviction can occur due to non-payment of rent or lease violations.
238
What does it mean to have a property 'Maintained'?
To keep a property preserved in a good state
## Footnote
Proper maintenance includes regular repairs and upkeep.
239
What were the main reasons women were unhappy with their housing conditions?
* Poorly maintained properties
* Landlords not carrying out repairs
* Financial strain due to men being away
## Footnote
These factors contributed to their anger and dissatisfaction.
240
Why did landlords believe they could easily raise rents during the war?
They believed that if more people needed homes than were available, they could charge more money
## Footnote
The war led to a housing shortage, increasing demand.
241
What was the Glasgow Women's Housing Association formed for?
To resist rent rises
## Footnote
This organization played a key role in the rent strikes.
242
What significant event occurred on November 17 during the rent strikes?
Thousands of women marched to the sheriff courts along with thousands of men from the shipyard and engineering workers
## Footnote
This was a crucial moment in the rent strike movement.
243
Describe the tactic used by women to prevent evictions.
A woman with a bell would alert others when a Bailiff’s Officer appeared, leading to collective action against evictions
## Footnote
This tactic included throwing flour bombs.
244
What was the outcome of the government’s response to the rent strikes?
The Rent Restriction Act was passed, freezing rent at 1914 levels unless improvements had been made to the property
## Footnote
This act was a significant victory for tenants.
245
Who was Mary Barbour?
A leader of 'Mrs. Barbour's Army', a 'Red Clydesider', and the first female Labour Councillor on Glasgow Town Council
## Footnote
She played a vital role in the rent strikes and later became one of Glasgow's first women Magistrates.
246
Fill in the blank: The actions of Mary Barbour and her Army led to the __________.
Rent Restriction Act 1915
## Footnote
This act provided greater protection for tenants.
247
What emotions are to be described in the creative writing task regarding the rent strikes?
The emotions involved leading up to and during the rent strikes
## Footnote
Understanding these emotions can help analyze the significance of the events.
248
What is the learning intention of the lesson?
To learn about the rent strikes in Glasgow during WW1
## Footnote
This includes understanding the socio-economic context and the actions taken by tenants.
249
What was the key change in voting rights for women in 1918?
Women over 30 who owned property, were married to property owners, or were graduates could vote.
## Footnote
This was part of The Representation of the People Act.
250
What voting rights were granted to men in 1918?
All men over 21 could vote
## Footnote
This marked a significant expansion of the franchise.
251
When was the first female MP elected?
In 1919
## Footnote
This was a milestone in women's political representation.
252
What change occurred in 1928 regarding voting rights?
All men and women over the age of 21 were given the vote on equal terms
## Footnote
This marked the culmination of the suffrage movement.
253
Why were many men in the armed forces unable to vote before 1918?
Due to residence qualifications
## Footnote
They needed to have lived in the U.K. to be eligible.
254
What impact did WWI have on men's voting rights?
It led to the belief that men who served should be entitled to vote
## Footnote
This was a response to their sacrifices during the war.
255
What was the main focus of the short essay assignment?
To examine the factors contributing to women being awarded the vote after WW1
## Footnote
This includes analyzing women's war work.
256
Define 'franchise'.
Right to vote
## Footnote
A fundamental aspect of democratic participation.
257
What are 'suffragists' known for?
Non-violent tactics like letters, pamphlets, speeches, and marches
## Footnote
They aimed to achieve voting rights through peaceful means.
258
List some achievements of the suffragists.
* Obtained over 100,000 members
* Supported by many, including men
* Convinced many that women deserved the right to vote
## Footnote
Their peaceful methods garnered significant support.
259
What limitations did suffragists face?
* Achieved little in 40 years
* Lack of progress by 1914
* Easily ignored by the government
## Footnote
Some historians argue they failed to make a significant impact.
260
What tactics did suffragettes employ?
Violence-based tactics including bombing post boxes, breaking windows, and attacking MPs
## Footnote
These actions were intended to draw attention to their cause.
261
What was one significant event involving a suffragette?
Davidson threw herself under the King's Horse at Epsom Derby
## Footnote
This act made national news and highlighted the suffrage movement.
262
List some achievements of the suffragettes.
* Gained valuable publicity for the cause
* Kept women's suffrage on the political agenda
## Footnote
Their actions made it difficult for the government to ignore women's demands.
263
What limitations did suffragettes encounter?
* Violent tactics delayed votes for women
* Lost respect and support from some
## Footnote
Their approach was controversial and polarizing.
264
What role did women play during the war effort?
Replaced men in munitions factories, farms, banks, transport, and nursing
## Footnote
This significant contribution altered perceptions of women's capabilities.
265
What was a limitation of women's war work after WWI?
Women were expected to give up their jobs and return to the home
## Footnote
This expectation reflected societal norms of the time.
266
True or False: The suffragettes' violent tactics were universally accepted as effective.
False
## Footnote
Many believed these tactics were irresponsible and counterproductive.
267
What were the expectations of returning soldiers after WW1?
A better world with normality, security, and jobs for all
## Footnote
This expectation was based on their sacrifices during the war.
268
What did the phrase 'homes fit for heroes' imply?
A higher standard of living for all in Britain
## Footnote
It suggested that returning soldiers deserved quality housing.
269
What were the main findings of the 1917 Royal Commission regarding housing in Scotland?
* Widespread overcrowding
* Poor sanitation in many towns
* Poor ventilation and lighting in homes
* Many families lived in one-roomed houses
270
What did the 1919 Addison’s Act promise?
Funding for 500,000 council homes
## Footnote
Only 213,000 of these homes were actually built.
271
What improvements did the 1924 Wheatley Housing Act provide?
* Council houses with electricity
* Gardens
* Inside toilets
272
What was the general impact of housing policies on Scottish housing after WW1?
Housing remained poor and people were disappointed with the lack of progress
## Footnote
Many large families remained in overcrowded homes.
273
What was the outcome of the Addison Act by 1921?
The act was ineffective as the funding ran out
## Footnote
This limited its ability to improve sanitary conditions.
274
What were the issues faced by Glasgow after the war?
* Overcrowding
* Lack of sanitation
275
Fill in the blank: When the war had ended, the government wanted to be re-elected, they _________ people they would provide homes fit for heroes.
Promised
276
Fill in the blank: Prime Minister Lloyd George pledged he would get rid of the ________.
Housing crisis
277
Fill in the blank: Furthermore, many families lived in only _______ room.
One
278
Fill in the blank: Most homes lacked ________ and __________.
Sanitation and direct sunlight
279
True or False: The Wheatley Housing Act was less successful than the Addison Act.
False
280
What was one common tactic used by the Suffragettes?
Vandalism
## Footnote
Other tactics included breaking windows, attacking MPs, and blowing things up.
281
What was a significant action taken by Suffragettes to gain attention for their cause?
Hunger strikes
## Footnote
Hunger strikes were used to draw attention to their demands and protest against unfair treatment.
282
In what year was a branch of the Women’s Social and Political Union established in Glasgow?
1908
## Footnote
This branch was part of the broader movement for women's suffrage in Scotland.
283
What did Scottish women demand before WWI?
Better wages, equal rights with men, and suffrage
## Footnote
Suffrage refers to the right to vote.
284
Who was the leader of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies?
Millicent Fawcett
## Footnote
She was a middle-class woman who advocated for women's voting rights.
285
What type of tactics did the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies believe in?
Non-violent tactics
## Footnote
They aimed to demonstrate that women deserved the vote without resorting to violence.
286
What event did the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies hold in 1909?
A march in Edinburgh
## Footnote
This march was part of their efforts to promote women's suffrage.
287
Who founded the Women’s Social and Political Union?
Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia
## Footnote
They established the organization in 1903.
288
What was the motto of the Women’s Social and Political Union?
Deeds Not Words
## Footnote
This motto emphasized action over mere discussion.
289
What kind of tactics did the Women’s Social and Political Union use?
Militant tactics
## Footnote
These tactics aimed to gain publicity for the women's suffrage cause.
290
Name one violent protest carried out by the Suffragettes.
Setting fire to grandstands at Ayr and Perth racecourses
## Footnote
They also attempted to blow up Burns’ Cottage in Alloway.
291
True or False: The Suffragettes only used peaceful methods to advocate for women's voting rights.
False
## Footnote
They employed both non-violent and militant tactics.
292
Fill in the blank: The Women’s Social and Political Union was formed in _______.
1903
## Footnote
This organization was crucial in the fight for women's suffrage.
