Making of Modern Britain Flashcards
1
Q
What is poverty?
A
Being poor or not having the basic necessities of life
Commonly understood as lacking essential resources for living.
2
Q
What is primary poverty?
A
Unable to afford basic necessities of life due to insufficient income
Includes individuals or families who do not earn enough to meet their basic needs.
3
Q
What is secondary poverty?
A
Not having basic necessities of life despite sufficient income spent on other things
This may occur when individuals prioritize non-essential expenses over basic needs.
4
Q
List three causes of poverty.
A
- Low wages
- Irregular earnings
- Unemployment
These factors contribute significantly to the inability to afford basic living standards.
5
Q
What are two additional causes of poverty?
A
- Sickness
- Old age
Health issues and aging can limit individuals’ ability to work and earn income.
6
Q
What is the ‘laissez faire’ government approach?
A
A belief that government should not provide much help to poor people
This ideology led to minimal government intervention in social welfare.
7
Q
What was a common belief about the cause of poverty in 1900?
A
Poverty was seen as a person’s own fault due to moral defects like idleness or drinking
This belief influenced societal attitudes towards the poor.
8
Q
What was the role of the Poor Law in 1900?
A
Provided limited local parish help for the poor
The Poor Law allowed for some assistance, but often only in the form of poorhouses or workhouses.
9
Q
What problems were commonly associated with poverty in 1900 Britain?
A
- Low wages
- Irregular work
- Unemployment
- Slum housing
- Poor health
- Lack of food or proper nutrition
These issues created a cycle of poverty affecting many individuals and families.
10
Q
What did the Salvation Army provide to poor children?
A
Farthing breakfasts
This initiative aimed to help alleviate hunger among impoverished children.
11
Q
In what year was Britain considered a rich and powerful country due to the industrial revolution?
A
1900
Despite its wealth, the industrial revolution also exacerbated social inequalities.
12
Q
Fill in the blank: The very poor could be admitted to the ________ where conditions were very harsh.
A
Poorhouse/workhouse
Workhouses were designed to house the impoverished, often under severe conditions.
13
Q
What are some things the government can do to alleviate poverty?
A
Examples may include social welfare programs, job creation initiatives, and education access
Government interventions can help address the structural causes of poverty.
14
Q
What are some things individuals can do to avoid poverty?
A
Examples may include seeking education, job training, and financial planning
Individual actions can help improve personal financial situations.
15
Q
What are the effects of poverty?
A
Effects include poor health, lack of education, and increased crime rates
Poverty can have widespread negative impacts on both individuals and society.
16
Q
What is one way to describe the societal condition in Britain in 1900?
A
Divided society with great wealth but also great problems of poverty
This division highlighted the disparities created by the industrial revolution.
17
Q
What is one of the success criteria for this learning?
A
Describe the belief in self help and voluntary system
Understanding these concepts is key to analyzing poverty.
18
Q
What was the role of charities in helping the poor?
A
Charities sought to improve the way people led their lives by providing money, time, expertise
Examples include the Salvation Army and YMCA.
19
Q
What motivated many charities to help the poor?
A
Many were motivated by a Christian or humanitarian desire
This reflects the moral obligations felt by these organizations.
20
Q
Who did charities primarily aim to help?
A
Many would only help the ‘deserving poor’
This term refers to those seen as worthy of assistance.
21
Q
What is the concept of ‘Self Help’?
A
The idea that people could only get themselves out of poverty if they tried hard enough
Emphasizes personal responsibility.
22
Q
Who is Samuel Smiles and what was his belief regarding poverty?
A
Samuel Smiles warned against the government helping people too much and believed poverty could be beaten by hard work and a positive attitude
His views influenced the self-help movement.
23
Q
What were ‘Friendly Societies’ and ‘Savings Banks’ used for?
A
They were expected to help people save money
Encouraged financial independence among the working class.
24
Q
What did working class people form to provide low-cost food and services?
A
Co-operative Societies
These societies were community-driven initiatives.
25
Complete the phrase: 'Heaven helps those who _______.'
Help themselves
## Footnote
This illustrates the self-help philosophy.
26
List some of the causes of poverty.
* Unemployment
* Low wages
* Lack of education
* Illness
## Footnote
These factors contribute to the cycle of poverty.
27
Describe the voluntary system of help that was available to the poor in 1900.
Charities and community initiatives aimed at providing support without government intervention
## Footnote
Reflects the societal attitudes towards poverty at that time.
28
True or False: In 1900, British society was very divided.
True
## Footnote
This statement reflects the social conditions of the time.
29
True or False: In Victorian times, there was a lot of help for the poor.
False
## Footnote
This indicates a misconception about the support systems in place for the poor.
30
True or False: The main attitude about poverty was that it was a person’s own fault.
True
## Footnote
This highlights the prevailing beliefs regarding individual responsibility for poverty.
31
True or False: People had to pay for medical care in 1900.
True
## Footnote
This reflects the healthcare system's structure during that period.
32
True or False: It was very unusual for people to be starving, have no shelter, or die from infectious diseases.
False
## Footnote
This statement does not accurately represent the realities faced by many individuals in that era.
33
Who was Charles Booth?
A wealthy Liverpool ship owner who investigated poverty in London
## Footnote
Booth aimed to challenge the belief that a quarter of Londoners lived in poverty.
34
What survey did Charles Booth conduct?
He carried out a survey of over 1 million people in London between 1886 and 1903
## Footnote
This extensive survey provided significant data on poverty levels.
35
What shocking discovery did Booth make regarding poverty figures?
He found that 30% of the population of London was living below the 'poverty line'
## Footnote
This was a significant underestimation of the true poverty levels.
36
What percentage of people living in poverty in London were being helped by the Poor Law according to Booth?
3%
## Footnote
This indicates the inadequacy of the existing support systems.
37
Who was Seebohm Rowntree?
He was from a wealthy York manufacturing family and published 'Poverty, A Study of Town Life' in 1901
## Footnote
Rowntree aimed to compare poverty levels between York and London.
38
What percentage of York's population did Rowntree find living in poverty?
27.8%
## Footnote
This statistic reveals the extent of poverty in York at the time.
39
What did Rowntree determine as the poverty line?
21s 8d
## Footnote
This figure was critical in understanding the economic conditions of the poor.
40
What two types of poverty did Rowntree identify?
* Primary poverty
* Secondary poverty
## Footnote
These categories helped in analyzing the different causes of poverty.
41
Why were Booth and Rowntree important?
They used new methods to study poverty and argued that charity was not enough
## Footnote
Their work raised awareness and pressured the government to take action.
42
What impact did Booth and Rowntree's findings have on government action?
They helped change attitudes to poverty and put pressure on the government to take action
## Footnote
This led to a shift in public policy regarding poverty.
43
True or False: Charles Booth studied poverty in London.
True
44
True or False: Seebohm Rowntree studied poverty in Glasgow.
False
45
What percentage of Londoners did Charles Booth find were living in poverty?
Approximately 60%
46
What percentage of the population did Seebohm Rowntree find was living in poverty in his study?
27.8%
47
What was the impact of the work of Booth and Rowntree on attitudes towards poverty?
They revealed the nature and extent of poverty in the UK
48
List the reasons why attitudes to poverty were changing in the 1900s.
* The Reports of Booth and Rowntree
* The Boer War and concerns about national security
* Political pressure and the rise of the Labour party
* The rise of new Liberalism
49
What was a significant finding regarding military recruits during the Boer War?
Up to 40% of recruits were unfit for military service
50
What health issues were many military recruits suffering from during the Boer War?
Medical problems such as rickets and other poverty-related illnesses
51
How many volunteers from Manchester were accepted to fight in the Boer War?
1,200 out of 8,000 volunteered
52
Why did the unfitness of the British population worry the government?
It indicated a public health crisis and concerns over national security
53
How did political pressure change attitudes towards poverty?
Working class men were better educated and had the vote, influencing political reforms
54
What was the Liberal party's concern regarding the working class?
They were worried that the working class might vote for the new Labour Party
55
Who were two influential figures in the Liberal Party associated with New Liberalism?
* Winston Churchill
* David Lloyd George
56
What personal experience did Lloyd George have that influenced his views on poverty?
He experienced poverty in his youth
57
What was Churchill's belief regarding assistance for the poor?
Britain should provide more help for the poor, as in Germany
58
Fill in the blank: The reports of Booth and Rowntree were the most important reason why attitudes towards poverty were changing in the _______.
1900s
59
Fill in the blank: B_____ found that 1/3 of people in L_____ were living in poverty.
Booth; London
60
Fill in the blank: Rowntree found that nearly a 1/3 of people in Y___ were living in poverty.
York
61
Fill in the blank: Many British army recruits were rejected from fighting in the Boer War. This changed attitudes because people became worried about national ______.
Security
62
Fill in the blank: Many w______ class men were now ______ and could v____.
Working; educated; vote
63
Fill in the blank: The government began to worry that they would lose votes to the L_____ party unless they stopped laissez faire.
Labour
64
What is the main body of the conclusion regarding the reports of Booth and Rowntree?
They were the most important reason why attitudes towards poverty were changing
65
What was the purpose of the Free School Meals Act of 1906?
Allowed Local Authorities to provide Free School Meals for poor children
## Footnote
Aimed to address child hunger among low-income families.
66
What major issue did the Free School Meals Act face by 1912?
It wasn’t compulsory and less than half of all local authorities were providing meals
## Footnote
Despite the provision, many children still went hungry during weekends and school holidays.
67
How many meals were provided by 1914 due to the Free School Meals Act?
14 million meals
## Footnote
This indicates a significant effort to combat child hunger, though limitations existed.
68
What was the purpose of the Medical Inspections Act of 1907?
Ensured that school children received 3 medical inspections during their school years
## Footnote
Aimed to identify and address health issues among children.
69
What percentage of children in Glasgow were found to be ‘verminous’ according to the medical inspections?
30%
## Footnote
This highlights the severity of health issues faced by children at the time.
70
What limitation did parents face despite the medical inspections?
Parents still had to pay for the treatment
## Footnote
Many health problems remained untreated due to financial constraints.
71
What was the Children's Charter of 1908 designed to do?
Protect children through a series of laws
## Footnote
Included making neglect a legal offence and restricting tobacco sales to minors.
72
What significant change did the Children's Charter bring regarding the death penalty?
Abolished the death penalty for children
## Footnote
This was a step towards recognizing children's rights and welfare.
73
What was a major challenge posed by the Children's Charter?
It was a challenge to the idea of ‘self-help’
## Footnote
Increased the role of the state in the welfare of children.
74
What was one difficulty in enforcing the Children's Charter laws?
Many of the laws were difficult to enforce
## Footnote
Despite legal protections, problems such as abuse and neglect continued.
75
Fill in the blank: By 1914, _______ meals were provided to children under the Free School Meals Act.
14 million
76
True or False: The Medical Inspections Act ensured free treatment was available immediately.
False
## Footnote
Free treatment was not available until 1912, and many local authorities did not provide it.
77
What was the main aim of the Liberal Reforms regarding the elderly?
To provide financial support through Old Age Pensions
78
What year were pensions introduced for the elderly?
1908
79
What was the maximum annual income for a single person to qualify for the Old Age Pension?
£21
80
How much could a single person over 70 receive weekly under the Old Age Pension?
5 shillings (25p)
81
How much could a married couple receive weekly under the Old Age Pension?
7 shillings and 6 pence (37.5p)
82
Where were the Old Age Pensions collected?
At the post office
83
True or False: By 1914, nearly a million people were receiving Old Age Pensions.
True
84
What was a significant limitation of the Old Age Pensions introduced in 1908?
The amount awarded was below Rowntree’s poverty line
85
Fill in the blank: Few elderly poor lived to ______.
70
86
What was one reason the Old Age Pensions had a limited impact?
Many were excluded due to qualification rules
87
What reform was introduced in 1906 to help the young?
Free School Meals
88
How did Free School Meals improve the lives of young children?
Provided at least one meal a day to hungry children
89
What were the learning intentions regarding the Liberal Reforms?
To learn about the successes and limitations of the Liberal Reforms
90
What is one success of the Liberal Reforms for the elderly?
High uptake of nearly a million recipients by 1914
91
What was a major issue regarding the Liberal Reforms for the elderly?
The financial support was too low
92
What was the purpose of the National Insurance Act Part 1?
An insurance scheme to cover workers for sickness, disablement, and maternity
## Footnote
The Act aimed to provide financial support to workers during periods of illness and for maternity needs.
93
How much did workers contribute weekly under the National Insurance Act Part 1?
Four pence (4d) a week if they earned under £160 a year
## Footnote
The contributions were part of a collective insurance scheme involving employers and the government.
94
What were the benefits for insured workers during illness under the National Insurance Act Part 1?
10 shillings for the first 13 weeks and 5 shillings for the next 13 weeks, plus free medical treatment
## Footnote
Total benefits lasted for 26 weeks of illness.
95
What maternity benefit was available under the National Insurance Act Part 1?
30 shillings for the birth of each child
## Footnote
This benefit was aimed at supporting families during childbirth.
96
What was a significant limitation of the National Insurance Act Part 1?
Benefits were lost after 26 weeks' absence from work
## Footnote
Workers had to rely on the Poor Law for support after this period.
97
Did the National Insurance Act Part 1 provide for workers' families?
No, there was no provision for the worker’s family
## Footnote
This limitation meant that family members did not receive any support through the scheme.
98
True or False: The National Insurance Act Part 1 improved the financial situation for all workers.
False
## Footnote
Many workers found that the contributions made their poverty worse as they were paid less.
99
List the contributions made by workers, employers, and the government under the National Insurance Act Part 1.
* Workers: 4 pence a week
* Employers: 3 pence a week
* Government: 2 pence a week
## Footnote
This collective funding model was crucial for the sustainability of the insurance scheme.
100
Fill in the blank: Insured workers were entitled to ______ visits to the doctor and medicine.
free
## Footnote
This benefit was aimed at encouraging workers to seek medical care.
101
True or False: The Liberals introduced an insurance scheme to help workers when they were sick.
True
102
Who paid for the sick leave insurance scheme introduced by the Liberals?
The government
103
What were the benefits of the sick leave insurance scheme for workers earning under £160 a year?
26 weeks paid sick leave and free medical treatment
104
Fill in the blank: The National Insurance Act Part 2 was an insurance scheme where workers, employers, and the ______ contributed.
state
105
How much was paid to workers out of work under the National Insurance Act Part 2?
7 shillings a week
106
What was the limit on how long workers could receive benefits under the National Insurance Act Part 2?
15 weeks out of every year
107
True or False: The National Insurance Act Part 2 applied to all trades.
False
108
Which trades were compulsory for the National Insurance Act Part 2?
* Shipbuilding
* Mechanical engineering
* Construction
* Iron founding
* Sawmilling
109
What was the role of Labour exchanges set up by the Liberals?
Centres where unemployed people could go to find work
110
How many Labour exchanges were operating by 1913?
430
111
By 1914, how many people a day were being provided with work through Labour exchanges?
3,000
112
True or False: It was compulsory for employers to register vacancies at Labour exchanges.
False
113
What was a criticism of the Labour exchanges?
Only found temporary and low paid work
114
Fill in the blank: The Liberal Government of 1906-14 were ______ successful in solving the problems of poverty in Britain.
partly
115
Name one reform aimed at tackling poverty among the young.
* School meals
* Medical inspections
* Children’s Charter
116
What was one reform for the elderly introduced by the Liberals?
Old age pensions
117
What is one success of the National Insurance Part 1 for the sick?
Provided financial support during illness
118
What is one limitation of the National Insurance Part 2 for the unemployed?
Only insured about 2 million workers
119
Who led the Conservative Party during the post-WW2 elections in Britain?
Winston Churchill
120
Who led the Labour Party during the post-WW2 elections in Britain?
Clement Attlee
121
What was the outcome of the July 1945 election in Britain?
The Labour Party won the election with a majority
122
What were the elections held in Britain after the war in Europe primarily fought between?
The Conservative and Labour Parties
123
What is the term used to describe the series of reforms introduced by the Labour Government between 1945 and 1951?
Welfare State
124
What responsibility did the Government take on as part of the Welfare State reforms?
Looking after the well-being of all its citizens
125
The reforms made by the Labour Government were designed to take care of the British people 'from the _______ to the grave'.
Cradle
126
What is the primary aim of the Welfare State reforms introduced by the Labour Government?
To ensure the well-being of citizens from birth to death
127
What were the five giants that the Labour reforms aimed to address?
Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, Idleness
128
True or False: The Labour Government reforms were only focused on economic issues.
False
129
What did the Family Allowance Act, 1945 provide?
A ‘child benefit’ for families with more than one child
## Footnote
It supported 2-3 million families with more than one child but did not provide payment for the first child.
130
What was a success of the National Assistance Act?
Demonstrated a comprehensive and universal welfare system to protect everyone from poverty
## Footnote
Assistance could take various forms including payment and housing.
131
What was a limitation of the National Assistance Act?
Applicants were ‘means tested’ and payments were low
## Footnote
This limited the effectiveness of the assistance provided.
132
What did the Industrial Injuries Act make compulsory?
Insurance against industrial injury for all employees
## Footnote
It provided higher benefits for industrial injuries compared to ordinary sickness.
133
What was a significant success of the Industrial Injuries Act?
Compensation for injury or illness from work was to be paid by the government
## Footnote
All workers were covered under this act.
134
What was a limitation of the Industrial Injuries Act?
The taxpayer footed the bill for injuries at work
## Footnote
This shifted the financial burden away from employers.
135
What system did the National Insurance Act 1946 establish?
A compulsory contributory system for sickness, unemployment benefits, pensions, and more
## Footnote
It laid the foundation of Britain’s Welfare State.
136
What was a limitation of the National Insurance Act 1946?
Pension levels remained low and their value was reduced by inflation
## Footnote
This affected the overall effectiveness of the social security system.
137
When was the National Health Service Act passed?
1946
138
When did the NHS officially start operating?
1948
139
What are the key features of the NHS Act?
* Free medical treatment
* For every British citizen
* Medical, dental, and optical services
* Hospital treatment also free
140
What was the purpose of mobile vans?
To provide medical services
141
Why did families need to save for the doctor to come?
To afford medical treatment before the NHS
142
What was the rise in prescriptions from before the NHS to September 1948?
From 7 million per month to 13.5 million per month
143
What was the annual cost of the NHS by 1950?
£358 million per year
144
True or False: The NHS maintained a principle of free service without any charges after its inception.
False
145
What charges were introduced by the NHS as a limitation?
* Charges for spectacles
* Charges for dental treatment
146
What was the housing shortage in Britain by 1951?
750,000 homes
## Footnote
This shortage contributed to ongoing issues of squalor.
147
What were common features of slum housing?
* Damp
* Lack of ventilation
* Outside shared toilets
* Overcrowded
* Lice infestations
* Often only one room
* Lack of clean water
148
What did the Labour Government implement to address squalor?
Several reforms to improve housing
149
What was a significant change in the interior of a Prefab home compared to previous housing?
Indoor running water
## Footnote
This was a major improvement over some tenements.
150
What was the New Towns Act of 1946?
Planned 12 new towns with good quality housing and local facilities
151
What were the planned features of houses in the new towns?
* Indoor bathrooms
* Separate kitchens
* Gardens
152
What limitations affected the housing reforms?
* Baby Boom Pressure
* Prefabs not built to last
* Financial Restraints
* Not enough New Towns Built
* New towns geographically isolated
* Materials Shortages
* High Numbers Slum Housing
* Quality Demands
153
Who was Bevan and what was his emphasis regarding council houses?
Minister for Health and Housing; emphasized quality over quantity
154
How many new towns were actually built by 1951?
4 out of 12 planned
155
What was a consequence of the baby boom post-WW2?
Increased demand for housing due to new and larger families
156
Why were Prefabs considered a temporary solution?
Built out of cheap materials and not effective long-term
157
What financial challenges did the government face after the war?
Spent a large amount on the war, needing to prioritize funding
158
What was the impact of high numbers of slum housing?
Many buildings in disrepair could not be renovated and had to be demolished
159
What was a significant drawback of the new towns built?
Geographically isolated and often lacked basic amenities
160
Fill in the blank: The presence of an unusually large number of insects or animals causing damage is called _______.
Infestation
161
Fill in the blank: The poor condition of a building due to neglect is known as _______.
Disrepair
162
Fill in the blank: To restore something old to a good state of repair is to _______.
Renovate
163
Fill in the blank: A desirable or useful feature of a building is referred to as an _______.
Amenity
164
What was the compulsory age for secondary education according to the Butler Education Act 1944?
15
165
What services were provided at every school under the Butler Education Act 1944?
Meals, milk and medical services
166
At what age did children take the '11+' examination?
11 years
167
What were the two types of schools children could attend if they passed the 11+ exam?
* Senior secondary schools
* Grammar schools
168
What was expected of children who failed the 11+ exam?
They were not expected to stay at school after age 15 and were expected to fill unskilled types of employment
169
What year was the Butler Education Act implemented?
1947
170
What were the successes of the education system for those who passed the 11+ exam?
* Attended senior secondary or grammar school
* Went to university
* Obtained professional jobs
171
What limitation did the 11+ exam create for children who failed?
They were trapped in a world of low expectations and inferior education
172
What was the key feature regarding the school leaving age in the Butler Education Act?
Raised the school leaving age to 15
173
What type of education did all children have access to under the Butler Education Act?
Free secondary education
174
What concerns were raised about junior secondary schools?
Academic education would be harmed by combining it with less academic subjects
175
Why was the 11+ exam considered socially divisive?
It was seen as contentious and critics argued it did little to enhance opportunities for working class children
176
What trend was observed after 1947 regarding working class children and education?
Most working class children left school at 15 with few, if any, paper qualifications
177
How did the Labour government compare in its efforts for educational welfare versus social security and health?
It did little for the educational welfare of the working class compared to the equality of opportunity and provision in social security and health
178
What was the focus of new school building after the Butler Education Act?
Concentrated on the primary sector to cope with the baby boom
179
What was the Labour party's commitment regarding employment?
To ensure full employment
180
What was the purpose of nationalising industries in Britain?
To create and maintain job levels
181
List some industries that were nationalised by the Labour Government.
* Steel
* Iron
* Gas
* Coal
* Electricity
* Railways
182
What was the impact of nationalisation on unemployment rates?
Kept unemployment rates very low
183
What financial support did unprofitable industries receive?
Government money to keep them in business
184
What was one limitation of nationalisation?
Some industries did not perform as well as private companies
185
What was a success of Labour's full employment policy by 1946?
Unemployment was reduced to 2.5 per cent
186
Fill in the blank: Nationalisation did little to improve _______ in these industries.
Working efficiency
187
What was a financial source used to support industries during economic difficulties?
Tax money
188
What remained generally unimproved despite nationalisation?
Wages and working conditions
189
True or False: Nationalisation provided unlimited incentives for industries to be profitable.
False
190
Define 'Nationalised'.
To bring an industry under government control
191
What does 'Unprofitable' mean?
Not yielding profit or financial return
192
What does 'Maintain' mean?
Keep something at the same level or rate
193
What were the Labour Reforms introduced to tackle?
The Five Giants
194
What is the primary goal of the Labour Reforms?
To improve the living conditions and welfare of the population
195
True or False: The Labour Reforms aimed solely at economic growth.
False
196
Fill in the blank: The Labour Reforms were a response to the issues of _______.
The Five Giants
197
What type of policies were included in the Labour Reforms?
* Social security measures
* Health care improvements
* Education initiatives
* Housing reforms
198
How did the Labour Reforms address 'Want'?
By providing social security and welfare benefits
199
What measures were taken to combat 'Disease'?
Improvements in health care services and access
200
What was a key focus of the Labour Reforms regarding 'Ignorance'?
Expanding access to education
201
How did the Labour Reforms aim to reduce 'Squalor'?
By improving housing conditions and urban planning
202
What initiatives were implemented to address 'Idleness'?
Creation of jobs and training programmes
203
What is one significant achievement of the Labour Reforms?
Reduction in poverty levels
204
True or False: The Labour Reforms were universally accepted and without criticism.
False
205
What long-term impact did the Labour Reforms have on society?
Established a foundation for the modern welfare state
206
Fill in the blank: The Labour Reforms were introduced in the context of _______.
Post-World War II Britain
207
What was one criticism of the Labour Reforms?
They led to increased government intervention in the economy
208
What was the time period of the Second World War?
1939-1945
209
What feeling did the Second World War instill in civilians at home?
A feeling that everyone was fighting together and was equal
210
What powers did the coalition government take on during the war?
Powers that people would not have accepted before 1939
211
What was the purpose of evacuating children during WWII?
To save lives from anticipated German bombings of industrial cities
212
What health issue was prevalent among evacuated children?
Infestation with vermin, including head lice
213
Fill in the blank: The German bombing killed over ______ civilians.
61,000
214
What did the bombing of Britain lead to in terms of social classes?
Middle and working classes mixed more than before
215
What was introduced by the government to manage food shortages during the war?
Rationing
216
What was the National Milk Scheme?
Provided a pint of milk a day for children under five, pregnant women, and nursing mothers
217
By 1945, what percentage of those eligible were receiving milk through the National Milk Scheme?
95%
218
What did the Emergency Hospital Scheme aim to do?
Organise beds for war wounded
219
What did the Beveridge Report address?
Improvements to the system of providing insurance cover against sickness and unemployment
220
What were the 'Five Giants' identified in the Beveridge Report?
* Want
* Disease
* Ignorance
* Squalor
* Idleness
221
What was a key recommendation of the Beveridge Report regarding children's allowances?
Children's allowances for children up to the age of 15 or in full-time education up to 16
222
True or False: The Beveridge Report was well-received by the public immediately upon publication.
True
223
What did the Family Allowance Act of 1945 provide?
Five shillings per week for the second and every subsequent child
224
Which Act raised the school leaving age to 15?
R.A. Butler’s 1944 Education Act
225
What was the outcome of the 1945 General Election?
Labour won 393 seats, Conservatives won 213 seats
226
What did Winston Churchill express concern about regarding the Beveridge Report?
He warned against raising false hopes about post-war conditions
227
What was a significant change in attitude towards state intervention due to the war?
People no longer thought it shameful to receive government help
228
Fill in the blank: The Beveridge Report was published in ______.
December 1942
229
What was the government's approach to unemployment after the war?
Create jobs through public works if there was a depression
230
What was the primary focus of the Beveridge Report's recommendations?
To create a better world post-war
231
What did Vita Sackville-West express about the Beveridge Report?
Opposition to providing charity that would make people feel dependent
232
What was the significance of the coalition government during the war?
It included all parties and took unprecedented powers
233
Fill in the blank: The Beveridge Report aimed to tackle physical want, disease, ignorance, ______, and idleness.
Squalor
234
What was a major concern for the government regarding children's diets during the war?
Deficiencies in quality and quantity of food
