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1
Q

What are Civil Rights?

A

The broad range of rights and freedoms that the people of a free and democratic state are entitled to expect

Civil rights in the USA have historically been denied to immigrants and different ethnic groups.

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2
Q

What time period saw significant achievements in the struggle for civil rights in the USA?

A

The years from 1918 to 1968

This period is noted for both progress and ongoing struggles for civil rights.

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3
Q

List reasons why people moved to America in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

A
  • To escape poverty at home
  • To escape war
  • Hope for better living conditions
  • Hope for more jobs
  • Hope for better wages
  • Belief that they could become anything they wanted to be
  • Hope for better education for children
  • Seeking better weather/climate
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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Many people in Europe emigrated to America in hope of a better _______.

A

Life

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5
Q

True or False: The struggle for civil rights in the USA has been completely won.

A

False

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6
Q

What was a common hope for immigrants regarding their children’s future?

A

Better education for children

This reflects the aspirations of many immigrants for improved opportunities for their offspring.

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7
Q

What is the Open Door Policy?

A

The American government adopted an ‘open door’ policy on immigration, allowing any immigrants to enter America

This policy aimed to encourage immigration and support the idea of America as a land of opportunity.

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8
Q

What does the term ‘American Dream’ refer to?

A

The belief that anyone could work hard and be successful in America

The American Dream is a foundational concept that attracts many immigrants to the USA.

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9
Q

What is meant by the term ‘Melting Pot’?

A

The idea that different immigrant groups would mix together and become Americans

This concept reflects the cultural assimilation expected in American society.

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10
Q

By what year had the population of the USA exceeded 100 million?

A

By 1920

This rapid population growth was largely due to immigration.

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11
Q

Who are considered ‘Old Immigrants’?

A

Immigrants from Northern European countries such as Britain, Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia

Old immigrants were generally educated, skilled workers, and many spoke English.

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12
Q

Who are considered ‘New Immigrants’?

A

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern European countries such as Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Russia

New immigrants were generally poorer and often lacked English skills.

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13
Q

What are Push factors in immigration?

A

Factors that pushed people out of their countries

Examples include war, poverty, and lack of rights.

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14
Q

What are Pull factors in immigration?

A

Factors that encouraged people to move to America

Examples include jobs available, higher wages, and religious freedom.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: One reason for mass immigration to the USA was _______.

A

To escape war

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Many people moved to the USA to escape _______.

A

Poverty

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17
Q

List three Push factors for immigration to the USA.

A
  • War
  • Poverty
  • Lack of rights
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18
Q

List three Pull factors for immigration to the USA.

A
  • Higher wages
  • Jobs available
  • Religious Freedom
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19
Q

True or False: New immigrants were generally more skilled than Old immigrants.

A

False

New immigrants were generally poorer and had less education.

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20
Q

What was one significant consequence of the mass migration to the USA by 1918?

A

Increased cultural diversity and population growth in America

This migration significantly shaped American society.

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21
Q

Explain why cheap land was a Pull factor for immigration.

A

It offered opportunities for farming and ownership, attracting many immigrants seeking a better life

The availability of land was particularly appealing to those from overcrowded regions.

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22
Q

What does persecution mean?

A

Discrimination

Persecution refers to the mistreatment of individuals or groups based on their identity or beliefs.

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23
Q

Define slum.

A

Area of extremely poor quality housing

Slums are typically characterized by overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure.

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24
Q

What is a strike?

A

When employees refuse to work to earn better conditions from their employer

Strikes are often a form of protest against unfair labor practices.

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25
What is integration?
Mixing of different groups ## Footnote Integration often involves the blending of cultures and communities.
26
Describe the living conditions of immigrants in early 20th century American cities.
Dirty, overcrowded, and without proper sanitation ## Footnote These conditions led to the spread of diseases and increased crime rates.
27
What percentage of immigrant rejections were due to eye diseases?
Around 50% ## Footnote Eye diseases were a significant health concern at immigration points.
28
What happened to sick children 12 years old or older during immigration?
They were sent back by themselves to their home harbour ## Footnote This policy highlighted the harsh realities faced by young immigrants.
29
What was the first sight of America for immigrants arriving from Europe?
The Statue of Liberty ## Footnote This iconic symbol represented hope and freedom for many immigrants.
30
What were immigrants at Ellis Island subjected to upon arrival?
Medical checks and a series of questions for citizenship ## Footnote This process was often stressful and could lead to refusal of entry.
31
List the four key areas to examine the immigrant experience.
* Arrival in America * Living Conditions * Working Conditions * Political Participation ## Footnote These areas provide a comprehensive view of immigrant life in the US.
32
What type of jobs did new immigrants often end up in?
Low paid jobs with very poor working conditions ## Footnote Immigrants were often exploited due to their desperation for work.
33
Why were new immigrants often used to break strikes?
They were desperate for work ## Footnote This created tension between immigrant workers and those on strike.
34
What were the working conditions like for immigrants?
Dangerous with no health and safety regulations ## Footnote Many workers sustained injuries and lacked sick pay.
35
What barriers did immigrants face when trying to integrate into American society?
* Language Barriers * Racial Prejudice * Slum Housing ## Footnote These challenges made it difficult for immigrants to assimilate.
36
True or False: Many 'New' immigrants were respected in American society.
False ## Footnote Many immigrants faced discrimination and prejudice, particularly if they were Catholic or Jewish.
37
What was a common community for Italian immigrants in New York called?
Little Italy ## Footnote Such communities often helped immigrants maintain cultural ties.
38
What was a significant problem faced by immigrants in terms of political participation?
Politics was dominated by 'Old immigrants' who saw themselves as superior ## Footnote This led to a lack of rights and representation for new immigrants.
39
What is one problem faced by immigrants in American cities in the 1920s?
Poor housing that was overcrowded and had poor sanitation ## Footnote This contributed to various health issues among immigrant populations.
40
Describe the learning intentions of the lesson.
* Describe the typical immigrant’s arrival to America * Describe the living and working conditions of immigrants to the US * Describe political participation of immigrant groups ## Footnote These objectives aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the immigrant experience.
41
What was the initial immigration policy of America?
An 'Open Door' Policy that allowed almost anyone to enter the country ## Footnote Main limitations included not carrying infectious diseases, not posing a risk to national security, and having a basic level of English.
42
What led to changing attitudes towards immigration in the 1920s?
Rising numbers of 'New' immigrants from southern European countries ## Footnote Many 'Old' immigrants and WASPs began to become anti-immigration due to perceived resource scarcity.
43
List some reasons why Americans were against immigration in the 1920s.
* Rising crime rates * Lack of jobs * Lack of housing * Fear of communism spreading * Religious differences * Lack of education * Lowering wages
44
How were immigrants perceived in relation to crime rates?
They were blamed for higher crime rates in cities, with Italians specifically blamed for bringing the Mafia ## Footnote This perception contributed to anti-immigrant sentiments.
45
What was a common belief regarding immigrants and job competition?
Many Americans believed that new immigrants were stealing jobs from existing Americans ## Footnote Immigrants were often willing to work for lower wages.
46
What housing issue was associated with the increase in immigration?
Housing was scarce, leading to many immigrants living in slums ## Footnote This created further resentment among Americans.
47
Why did immigrants often settle in community groups?
They settled amongst people from their own countries, leading to perceptions of unwillingness to integrate ## Footnote Example: Little Italy in New York.
48
What fears arose following the Russian Revolution regarding immigrants?
Many Americans feared that immigrants were promoting communism, which threatened the American Dream ## Footnote This period was known as 'the red scare.'
49
Fill in the blank: Many immigrants had ___ levels of basic education.
Low
50
True or False: Many Americans disliked immigrants because they believed immigrants could add value to society.
False ## Footnote Many Americans viewed immigrants as having low educational levels and not contributing positively.
51
What was a significant economic impact of immigration on American wages?
Immigrants were perceived to be lowering wages by working for less money ## Footnote This caused concern among American workers.
52
Define WASP.
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
53
What does illiterate mean?
People who are unable to read or write
54
Define slums.
Extremely poor quality housing
55
What was the primary reason for the end of the Open Door Policy?
Growing public concern about the increasing number of immigrants during World War One ## Footnote Many immigrants came to America to escape war and economic depression.
56
What did old immigrants fear regarding new immigrants?
That foreign culture and religion would threaten the American way of life, specifically the WASP way of life ## Footnote WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
57
What was the first immigration control act introduced by Congress?
An Act of Congress in 1892 that prohibited entry to convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, those with serious diseases, and the financially unstable ## Footnote This marked the beginning of formal immigration restrictions in the USA.
58
What key changes were made to immigration controls in 1917?
Widened list of conditions for entry, introduction of literacy tests, and almost complete ban on Asian immigration ## Footnote These changes reflected rising tensions and concerns about immigrant integration.
59
What metaphor did many Americans prefer over the 'melting pot' concept?
'Salad bowl', indicating that immigrants retained their own languages and customs ## Footnote This metaphor suggests a multicultural society rather than complete assimilation.
60
How did World War One contribute to divisions among immigrants?
Different sides taken in the war, language barriers, and differing religious beliefs increased tensions ## Footnote Old immigrants primarily spoke English and were Protestant, while new immigrants often did not speak English and were Catholic or Jewish.
61
What event in 1917 led to suspicion against southern and eastern European immigrants?
The Russian Revolution ## Footnote Many were blamed for strikes and spreading revolutionary ideas.
62
Who was Alexander Mitchell Palmer and what did he do?
US President Woodrow Wilson's Attorney General who ordered the arrest of over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists ## Footnote Palmer's actions were part of the Red Scare following the Russian Revolution.
63
What was the purpose of the 1917 Literacy Tests?
To require immigrants to pass reading and writing tests, which many poorer immigrants failed ## Footnote This led to many being refused entry into the USA.
64
What did the 1921 Emergency Quota Act establish?
A maximum of 357,000 immigrants per year with a quota of 3% based on the 1910 population ## Footnote This was one of the first laws to significantly limit immigration numbers.
65
What was the effect of the 1924 National Origins Act on immigration?
Reduced the maximum number of immigrants to 150,000 per year and cut the quota to 2% based on the 1890 population ## Footnote This act specifically targeted southern and eastern European immigrants and prohibited immigration from Asia.
66
What were the Jim Crow laws?
Laws imposing segregation on black Americans in the southern states after the abolition of slavery ## Footnote The laws enforced racial segregation in various public facilities and services.
67
What was the purpose of the Jim Crow laws?
To impose segregation and maintain white supremacy in society ## Footnote This was a response to the abolition of slavery and the perceived threat to white dominance.
68
How did the Jim Crow laws affect society in America?
They affected every aspect of a black American’s life, leading to inferior facilities and limited life chances ## Footnote The laws resulted in poorer education, healthcare, and overall quality of life for black Americans.
69
Which amendment declared that no state shall make any law that reduces the rights of citizens?
14th Amendment (1868) ## Footnote This amendment aimed to provide equal protection under the law.
70
Which amendment states that the right to vote shall not be denied because of race or color?
15th Amendment (1870) ## Footnote This amendment was intended to guarantee voting rights for African American men.
71
What was the ruling of the Supreme Court regarding the Jim Crow laws in 1896?
The laws were legal as long as provisions were 'separate but equal' ## Footnote This ruling established the legal basis for segregation.
72
Fill in the blank: A segregated society is one where people of different _______ are kept apart.
Colour ## Footnote Segregation was a key feature of the Jim Crow laws.
73
List three examples of separate facilities under the Jim Crow laws.
* Hospitals * Toilets * Drinking Fountains ## Footnote These facilities were often of inferior quality for black Americans.
74
What did the state of Louisiana's law state about admission for blind persons?
There will be a separate building on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction and support of all blind persons of the coloured or black race ## Footnote This law exemplifies the segregationist policies in education and care.
75
True or False: The Jim Crow laws provided equal facilities for black Americans.
False ## Footnote The laws were 'separate but not equal', leading to significant disparities.
76
What did the state of Florida's law prohibit?
All marriages between a white person and a person of negro descent ## Footnote This law enforced racial purity and segregation in personal relationships.
77
What was the impact of the Jim Crow laws on education for black Americans?
Black Americans received a poorer education ## Footnote Education facilities were often underfunded and inferior compared to those for white Americans.
78
Define segregation.
Separation of people based on race ## Footnote This was a fundamental principle of the Jim Crow laws.
79
What does prohibited mean?
When something is illegal or banned ## Footnote This term applies to many laws under the Jim Crow system.
80
What were the KKK commonly known as?
The Invisible Empire ## Footnote The KKK was known for its secretive and organized nature.
81
What was the title of the national leader of the KKK?
Grand Wizard ## Footnote The KKK was divided into local groups called Klaverns.
82
What were the requirements for KKK membership?
* American * White * Protestant * At least 16 years old ## Footnote Members wore white robes and hoods to conceal their identity.
83
What belief did the KKK hold about WASPs?
They believed that WASPs were the most important group within America and that black Americans were inferior
84
Which groups did the KKK discriminate against?
* Catholics * Jewish people * Divorced women * Socialists * Communists ## Footnote The KKK opposed any groups who were not WASPs.
85
What was one of the core beliefs of the KKK regarding civil rights?
They opposed any form of equality with, or civil rights for, black people
86
When was the KKK established?
After the American Civil War ## Footnote It was initially a secret organization targeting black Americans and other groups.
87
What happened to the popularity of the KKK towards the end of the 19th Century?
It faded
88
In what year was the KKK reformed in Georgia?
1915
89
What were some difficulties faced by Black Americans in the South?
* Paid less than whites * Treated poorly by employers * Faced discrimination and prejudice * Jim Crow Laws * Often faced violence and brutality ## Footnote These factors contributed to a challenging life for Black Americans.
90
What did lynching mean in the context of the KKK?
A group of white people would capture and murder a black person they believed was guilty of a crime
91
What were some characteristics of lynching?
* Victims were hanged * Bodies were mutilated * Sometimes burned ## Footnote Lynching was illegal, but the Federal government did little to stop it.
92
What is the estimated range of KKK membership in 1924?
3 million to 8 million members
93
What level of influence did the KKK have in the 1920s?
They had enough power to hold marches through Washington, DC
94
Who were some notable members of the KKK?
* State Governors * Senators * Judges * Businessmen * Members of the police ## Footnote The KKK's influence extended deep into American society.
95
What factors contributed to the increase in KKK support during the 1920s?
* Unemployment * New immigrants * Houses and jobs * Protection and brotherhood * Feeling threatened by new groups * Worry about Blacks taking jobs ## Footnote White Supremacists thought they were safer together.
96
What does the phrase White Terror refer to in the context of the KKK?
The methods used by the KKK to terrify Black Americans
97
What methods did the KKK use to terrify Black Americans?
Methods included intimidation and violence. ## Footnote This was a key element of their operations.
98
True or False: The KKK was a public organization with open membership.
False
99
Who was Emmett Till?
A 14 year-old boy from Chicago, Illinois, born in 1941
100
Why was Emmett Till in Mississippi?
He was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi
101
What incident led to Emmett Till's murder?
He was accused of whistling at Carolyn Bryant, a white woman
102
How did Emmett Till's mother respond to his funeral arrangements?
She opted for an open-casket funeral to show the brutality of the crime
103
What was the verdict in the trial of Milam and Bryant?
'Not guilty'
104
What role did the Klan play in the Southern states during the 1920s?
They terrorised black communities and opposed civil rights.
105
What was the KKK's belief regarding race and religion?
They believed WASPs were superior and that black Americans, Catholics, and Jews were inferior
106
What methods did the KKK use to instill fear?
Lynching, night-time raids, burning crosses, disguises
107
Fill in the blank: The KKK claimed to protect the ‘__________’ and was devoted to ‘100% Americanism’.
American way of life
108
What did the term 'lynch law' refer to?
A practice where a group of white people decided to punish a black person without a trial
109
What significant impact did the Emmett Till case have?
It became a catalyst for the civil rights movement
110
Why did the Klan's popularity rise in the 1920s?
Due to immigration, economic recession, and competition for jobs
111
What was the KKK's view on civil rights for black Americans?
They opposed any form of equality or civil rights
112
What was the public reaction to the trial verdict for Milam and Bryant?
Outrage and indignation throughout the country
113
What was the KKK's stance on immigrants in the 1920s?
They discriminated against new immigrants, particularly Catholics and Jews
114
How did the Klan maintain its power?
By having friends in high places, including politicians and law enforcement
115
What was the significance of the film ‘The Birth of a Nation’?
It contributed to the revival of the Klan by portraying them positively
116
What was the Klan's view on WASPs?
They believed WASPs were the most important group in America.
117
True or False: The KKK was a legal organization throughout its history.
False
118
What was one reason why it was difficult to stop the Klan?
Sympathy from authorities and lack of accountability for their actions
119
What was the outcome for black Americans in the South due to the Klan's actions?
Inability to improve their lives and continued segregation and racial abuse
120
List three cities in the North that Black Americans commonly moved to.
* Chicago * Detroit * New York
121
What kind of problems did Black Americans face when they arrived in northern cities?
High unemployment, poor housing, and discrimination ## Footnote Many faced police harassment and violence in their new communities.
122
Fill in the blank: The Great Migration began during __________.
The First World War
123
How did some Black Americans prosper in the North?
By building their own businesses and contributing to cultural movements ## Footnote The Harlem Renaissance was a notable example of cultural flourishing.
124
True or False: There was official segregation in the North.
False
125
What was the impact of the boll weevil on Black Americans in the South?
It damaged crops, leading to unemployment for Black agricultural workers
126
What were the Grandfather Clauses?
Laws that required proof that one's grandfather had voted before to qualify for voting rights ## Footnote These laws were used to disenfranchise Black voters.
127
What role did World War I play in the migration of Black Americans?
Increased demand for industrial workers in Northern factories
128
List two reasons why Black Americans wanted to leave the South.
* Segregation * Discrimination by the KKK
129
What was the significance of the Harlem Renaissance?
It was a cultural movement that fostered pride and expression in Black identity
130
Fill in the blank: The Tulsa Riots in 1921 left __________ homeless and about 300 Black people killed.
10,000 residents
131
What did the Great Migration signify for Black Americans?
A search for better opportunities and a new life away from the South
132
Name two factors that contributed to the discrimination Black Americans faced in the North.
* Poor housing conditions * Limited job opportunities
133
True or False: Black Americans had equal access to schools and public facilities in the North.
False
134
What was the effect of returning white soldiers after WWI on Black Americans in Northern cities?
Increased tensions and led to race riots
135
What was the main agricultural role of Black Americans in the South before migration?
Sharecropping
136
How did travel expenses influence Black migration to the North?
They were often paid, encouraging migration for higher wages.
137
What type of work were most Black Americans limited to in the South?
Low-paid unskilled work
138
What was the historical context of segregation in the US military during World War II?
Segregation in the US military dates back to the Civil War of 1861-65 when black regiments were formed
139
What roles did most black American soldiers fill during World War I?
Most black American soldiers filled non-combat roles, although some fought on the Western Front
140
What laws extended segregation into the American armed services during World War II?
The Jim Crow Laws extended segregation into the American armed services
141
What was the significance of Executive Order 8802?
Executive Order 8802 abolished segregation in defence industries and government agencies but did not desegregate the military
142
Fill in the blank: The one million black Americans who enlisted or were drafted into the military were placed in _______ units.
Segregated
143
What were common non-combat roles for black American soldiers during World War II?
* Carrying supplies * Building roads and bridges * Serving as cooks * Serving as drivers * Performing other menial tasks
144
True or False: No black American soldier was awarded the Medal of Honour during World War II.
True
145
What was the treatment of black American soldiers regarding food and living conditions?
They received food separately, trained and lived in separate barracks, and travelled separately on troop transport
146
What was the impact of President Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802 on the military?
It abolished segregation in defense industries but did not desegregate the military
147
What was the Double V campaign?
The Double V campaign aimed for Victory at home and Victory abroad, promoting equal rights for black Americans
148
How did the experiences of black American soldiers during World War II influence societal attitudes?
Their experiences led to protests against segregation and highlighted the contradiction of fighting for democracy abroad while facing inequality at home
149
Fill in the blank: Segregation in the US military was officially ended after World War II when President Truman signed _______.
Executive Order 9981
150
What did black nurses in the US Medical Corps primarily do during World War II?
They tended only to wounded black American soldiers
151
What was the attitude of the Red Cross towards black blood during World War II?
Initially, black blood was refused and later accepted only for black soldiers
152
Who was Geraldyne Ghess and what did she express in her writing?
Geraldyne Ghess criticised the Red Cross for refusing black blood while accepting money from black Americans
153
What was a common form of protest against military segregation during World War II?
Draft resistance became a form of protest
154
What was the experience of black Americans in the military compared to other allied forces?
The United States was one of the most racially segregated militaries among the allied forces
155
What type of protest did Martin Luther King believe in?
Non-violent protest ## Footnote Inspired by Gandhi's tactics of civil disobedience.
156
What were Martin Luther King's aims?
To end segregation, discrimination, and racial violence and to ensure that all black Americans could vote ## Footnote Focused on civil rights and equality.
157
What organization did Martin Luther King lead after the Montgomery bus boycott?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) ## Footnote Became a key leader in the civil rights campaign in the South.
158
How did King view civil disobedience?
As a duty to break unfair laws ## Footnote He believed in not fighting back, even in self-defense.
159
What did King believe about integration?
That black and white could live together in peace as equals ## Footnote Aimed for racial harmony and equality.
160
What inspired Martin Luther King's beliefs?
The example of Gandhi, his family background, and his Christian faith ## Footnote These influences shaped his approach to civil rights.
161
What was one of King's most famous speeches?
I have a dream speech ## Footnote Gained significant publicity and inspired many for change.
162
In what types of protests did King inspire others to participate?
Sit-ins and freedom rides ## Footnote These were key events in the civil rights movement.
163
Fill in the blank: Martin Luther King was a very successful public _______.
Speaker ## Footnote His speaking skills helped gain support for the civil rights movement.
164
True or False: Martin Luther King supported violent protests.
False ## Footnote He advocated for non-violent methods of protest.
165
What was King prepared to face for his cause?
Arrest and attack ## Footnote Demonstrated his bravery and commitment to civil rights.
166
What did King encourage ordinary people to do?
Take part in non-violent protests ## Footnote His approach was inclusive and aimed at mobilizing the community.
167
What significant civil rights legislation was introduced by the President in 1957?
The first civil rights act since 1875, creating a federal agency to investigate and bring to trial white officials who violated black people's rights ## Footnote This act marked an important step in federal involvement in civil rights issues.
168
What action did the State Governor take in Little Rock in 1957?
Sent in troops from the National Guard to block Elizabeth Eckford’s entrance into the school ## Footnote This event highlighted state resistance to federal desegregation efforts.
169
What did the Supreme Court declare in its 1954 decision regarding schools?
That schools could no longer be segregated ## Footnote This landmark decision was a turning point in the fight for civil rights in education.
170
What was the purpose of President Eisenhower sending federal troops to Little Rock in 1957?
To ensure that nine black children could safely enter a recently desegregated high school ## Footnote This action was a direct federal intervention to enforce desegregation.
171
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 achieve?
It ended segregation and discrimination by law ## Footnote This act was a major legislative victory for the civil rights movement.
172
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ban?
Literacy tests and poll tax for voting ## Footnote This was aimed at removing barriers that prevented African Americans from voting.
173
What actions did Governor Wallace take against peaceful protestors in Birmingham, 1963?
Encouraged violence against them ## Footnote This response illustrated the extreme measures state authorities would take to suppress civil rights.
174
Who ordered the use of fire hoses and police dogs against protesters in Birmingham?
Police chief Bull Connor ## Footnote His actions were widely criticized and brought national attention to the civil rights movement.
175
How did state governments generally respond to peaceful protests during the civil rights movement?
With resistance and often violent suppression ## Footnote This response varied by state but often included forceful measures.
176
How did the Federal government respond to state-level resistance to civil rights?
By intervening with federal troops and legislation ## Footnote This intervention was essential in enforcing civil rights laws.
177
What motivated many black Americans to demand civil rights after WWII?
They fought for democracy and freedom abroad but returned home to face prejudice and discrimination. ## Footnote This dissonance between their wartime experiences and their treatment at home sparked a desire for civil rights.
178
What was the Double V campaign?
Victory in the War and victory for Civil Rights back home in the USA for Black Americans ## Footnote This campaign highlighted the dual struggle for civil rights and victory in WWII.
179
What was the significance of the Supreme Court ruling in 1954 regarding segregation?
It ruled that segregation in schools was unlawful, marking a key victory for the Civil Rights Movement ## Footnote This decision provided a legal foundation for further civil rights campaigns.
180
What was the role of Martin Luther King in the Civil Rights Movement?
His peaceful methods and inspirational speeches were very persuasive and dignified. ## Footnote King became a prominent leader and symbol of the movement.
181
Fill in the blank: The Civil Rights Movement took off in the _______.
1950s
182
True or False: The Civil Rights Movement was primarily violent in its approach.
False ## Footnote The movement is characterized by its emphasis on peaceful protests and nonviolent resistance.
183
What was the primary focus of the peaceful civil rights campaigns in the US?
To achieve equality and end segregation and discrimination
184
What were the key achievements of the peaceful civil rights movement? List at least three.
* 1954 Supreme Court ended segregation in schools * 1956 Supreme Court ended segregation on buses * 1964 Civil Rights Act made all segregation and discrimination illegal
185
What significant legislation was passed in 1965 as part of the civil rights movement?
Voting Rights Act, which ended restrictions on voter registration
186
Who played a crucial role in the peaceful civil rights movement?
Martin Luther King
187
What was one major impact of Martin Luther King's speeches?
He inspired many and became the main voice for black people
188
What was a significant factor in gaining support for the civil rights movement?
Gaining sympathy and support from black communities, white communities, and powerful people
189
What issues did the peaceful civil rights movement highlight?
Prejudice in the South
190
Fill in the blank: The peaceful civil rights movement gave people hope that _______ was possible.
Change
191
What role did mass media coverage play in the civil rights movement?
It helped to gain wider attention and support for the movement
192
What were some limitations of the peaceful civil rights movement? List at least three.
* Did not end discrimination completely * Did not end police brutality * Did not improve housing and working conditions
193
True or False: The peaceful civil rights movement successfully addressed all issues of poverty in Northern ghettos.
False
194
What was a consequence of the slow progress of the civil rights movement?
People became frustrated with the slow pace of change
195
What criticism did some people have regarding the peaceful tactics of the civil rights movement?
They criticised the tactics especially when met with violence but could not retaliate
196
In conclusion, the peaceful civil rights movement was not very/quite/very successful because _______.
It did not end police brutality or improve problems in the ghettos
197
What percentage of African Americans lived in the North by 1965?
50% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the significant migration of African Americans to Northern states.
198
What were some reasons black Americans moved North in the 1920s and 30s?
* Escape KKK violence * Sharecropping system * Better job opportunities ## Footnote These factors contributed to the Great Migration, a significant demographic shift.
199
What issues did black Americans face in the Northern ghettos?
* Ghetto life * Poverty * Violence * Slum housing * Poor schools * Unemployment * Racial prejudice and discrimination ## Footnote These challenges were compounded by the lack of focus from the civil rights movement on Northern issues.
200
True or False: The peaceful civil rights movement primarily addressed issues in the Northern ghettos.
False ## Footnote The movement mainly focused on problems in the Southern states.
201
Fill in the blank: A ghetto is a part of a city, especially a slum area, occupied by a _______.
Minority group or groups ## Footnote This definition emphasizes the socio-economic segregation often found in urban areas.
202
What was one impact of poverty on crime in the Northern ghettos?
Some individuals turned to theft ## Footnote Economic desperation often leads to increased crime rates in impoverished areas.
203
What problems did black Americans face regarding housing in the Northern ghettos?
* High rent prices * Poor quality buildings * Overcrowding * Bad ventilation * Poor sanitation facilities ## Footnote These factors contributed to unhealthy living conditions.
204
What role did gangs and illegal drugs play in the Northern ghettos?
Gangs developed and illegal drugs became a huge problem ## Footnote This reflects the social issues exacerbated by poverty and lack of opportunities.
205
What type of jobs were commonly available to black Americans in the Northern ghettos?
* Low skilled jobs * Low wages * Not much permanent work ## Footnote These employment conditions contributed to ongoing economic challenges.
206
What is the definition of discrimination?
Unfair treatment of different categories of people, i.e. based on race or gender ## Footnote Discrimination significantly impacted the lives of black Americans.
207
What were some societal reactions to black communities in the Northern ghettos?
* Fear of black communities grew * Violent racist attacks * Police brutality ## Footnote These reactions highlight the ongoing racial tensions and violence.
208
What year did the first of many race riots break out in Watts, LA?
1965 ## Footnote The Watts riot marked the beginning of a series of race riots in the United States during the 1960s.
209
How many people were dead as a result of the Watts riot?
34 dead ## Footnote The violent confrontation resulted in a significant loss of life.
210
What percentage of the population in Watts was black?
90% black ## Footnote This demographic makeup contributed to the tensions with the predominantly white police force.
211
What was the main cause of the race riots according to the Kerner Commission?
40% of Black individuals lived in poverty ## Footnote Economic disparities were a key factor in the unrest.
212
What methods did MLK try to use to improve life in Northern cities?
Non-violent methods ## Footnote MLK's approach had only partial success in addressing the issues.
213
What movement attracted many black Americans in the northern cities?
Black Power ## Footnote This movement emphasized a more militant approach to civil rights.
214
What event triggered the Watts riot?
A Black youth arrested for drink driving ## Footnote This incident escalated into a larger confrontation.
215
How long did the Watts riot last?
Six days ## Footnote The duration of the riot highlighted the intensity of the conflict.
216
What was the racial makeup of the police force in Watts during the riots?
Almost entirely white ## Footnote This disparity contributed to the tensions between the police and the community.
217
What were some factors that contributed to the tensions in the summer of 1965?
Extremely hot weather, increasing unemployment, poverty ## Footnote These factors exacerbated existing frustrations in the community.
218
What major incident occurred on July 12, 1966, in Chicago?
Police shut down a fire hydrant opened by Black teenagers ## Footnote This action led to a confrontation and subsequent violence.
219
What was the response of Mayor Daley to the riots in Chicago?
Dismissed the action as kids crime ## Footnote His dismissal reflected a lack of recognition of the underlying issues.
220
What did MLK call the events in Chicago?
A riot ## Footnote This classification underscored the severity of the situation.
221
What was the outcome of the August 1966 meeting between city leaders and MLK?
Agreed on a fair housing programme ## Footnote This agreement was a significant step towards addressing racial inequalities.
222
What issues did black citizens in Chicago face during this period?
Poor quality education, low paying jobs, unemployment, poor housing conditions ## Footnote These systemic issues contributed to the unrest.
223
True or False: The Chicago riots in 1966 were isolated events without broader implications.
False ## Footnote The riots were part of a larger trend of civil unrest and had significant impacts on the civil rights movement.
224
Fill in the blank: The Kerner Commission reported that ____ of Black individuals lived in poverty.
40% ## Footnote This statistic highlighted the economic challenges faced by the Black community.
225
Who were two notable leaders that emerged from the split in the Civil Rights Movement?
Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael ## Footnote These leaders were significant figures advocating for different approaches to civil rights.
226
What shift in tactics is being understood in the civil rights movement?
A shift towards violent protest ## Footnote This shift was due to frustrations with the slow progress of non-violent methods.
227
What is a positive outcome of peaceful protests?
Achieved lots of media attention ## Footnote Positive media portrayal helped to garner support for the movement.
228
What is a negative outcome of peaceful protests?
Often protestors were attacked and injured ## Footnote This violence highlighted the risks faced by civil rights activists.
229
What did non-violent protests bring to the forefront of the civil rights movement?
Martin Luther King Jr ## Footnote MLK became a prominent leader due to the success of non-violent protests.
230
Fill in the blank: The Civil Rights Campaign methods were _______.
Non-violent
231
Fill in the blank: The aim of the Civil Rights Campaign was _______.
Integration
232
What were the two types of splits in the Civil Rights Movement?
Black and White Cooperation and Black Power ## Footnote Black Power represented a more aggressive, separatist approach.
233
What factor contributed to the growing support for radical protest in the 1960s?
Frustration with the slow progress of the peaceful civil rights movement ## Footnote Many felt that non-violent tactics were ineffective in addressing northern issues.
234
What created anger and frustration in northern cities during the civil rights movement?
Years of poverty and police brutality ## Footnote These social issues led to increased support for more aggressive protests.
235
What was a characteristic of Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael that helped them gain support?
They were charismatic speakers ## Footnote Their public appearances and speeches resonated with many people.
236
What did Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael encourage among black Americans?
Pride in their skin color and African American culture ## Footnote This message appealed to many during the civil rights movement.
237
What was a reason some blacks were unhappy with non-violent tactics?
They wanted to fight back against attackers ## Footnote Some felt that non-violence was not an adequate response to the violence they faced.
238
What was the significance of Malcolm X's background for his popularity among black Americans?
Malcolm X's background as someone who came from the street made him relatable to many black Americans ## Footnote Many black Americans appreciated a leader who had grown up in a predominantly black neighborhood.
239
What stance did Malcolm X take against the FBI and police?
He was not afraid to stand up to the FBI and the cops ## Footnote This was historically accurate as police harassment and brutality were common complaints among black Americans.
240
What key aspect of Malcolm X's appeal does Source B fail to mention?
His charisma and public speaking skills ## Footnote These qualities were significant in gaining support through his speeches and television appearances.
241
What belief did many hold about white Americans according to Malcolm X?
Many believed that white Americans were inherently racist and that blacks could only gain true equality by separating from white society ## Footnote This viewpoint was essential to understanding Malcolm X's ideology.
242
What year did Malcolm X split with the Nation of Islam?
1963 ## Footnote This split resulted in hostility from the Nation and led to significant changes in his life.
243
What did Malcolm X believe about non-violence?
He believed that non-violence was another word for being defenceless ## Footnote This stance put him at odds with Martin Luther King Jr.'s philosophy.
244
Why did Malcolm X change his name from 'Little' to 'X'?
As a political statement representing his lost identity ## Footnote 'Little' was a slave name given by white slave owners, and 'X' symbolized his search for his African heritage.
245
What did Malcolm X discover during his pilgrimage to Mecca?
He discovered that many fellow Muslims were also white and that black and white cooperation was possible ## Footnote This experience significantly changed his attitudes towards white people.
246
What was one consequence of Malcolm X's criticism of Elijah Muhammad?
He became a target and his home was firebombed in February 1963 ## Footnote This event highlighted the hostility he faced after leaving the Nation of Islam.
247
What was Malcolm X's message to black Americans living in ghettos?
His message of self-help was very attractive and empowered them not to rely on white help ## Footnote He was one of the first black activists to draw attention to ghetto problems.
248
When was Malcolm X assassinated?
February 21, 1965 ## Footnote He was shot dead at a rally in New York by three assassins allegedly connected to the Nation of Islam.
249
What type of source is Source B, and why is it useful?
It is a primary source from 1961, providing honest opinion from an eyewitness who was part of the black American community ## Footnote This context enhances its reliability as a source of information about Malcolm X.
250
What was the Nation of Islam's main objective?
To support the creation of a separate black nation on the US mainland ## Footnote Founded in 1930 and led by Elijah Muhammad, it played a significant role in the black civil rights movement.
251
Who was Stokely Carmichael?
Stokely Carmichael was a civil rights activist and the national chairman of the SNCC in 1966. ## Footnote SNCC stands for Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a key organization in the civil rights movement.
252
What slogan did Stokely Carmichael popularize in 1966?
Black Power ## Footnote The slogan emphasized self-determination and pride among African Americans.
253
What were the aims of the Black Power movement?
* African Americans should develop their own communities with their own facilities * African Americans should meet violence with violence if attacked * African Americans should prioritize their identity as black people over being Americans ## Footnote These aims were focused on empowerment and self-reliance.
254
How did Stokely Carmichael suggest African Americans respond to violence?
They should meet violence with violence. ## Footnote This was a shift from the nonviolent approach advocated by earlier civil rights leaders.
255
What cultural message did James Brown convey that resonated with the Black Power movement?
Say it loud, I’m Black and I’m proud. ## Footnote This phrase became a rallying cry for pride in African American identity.
256
What was the reaction of some African Americans to the Black Power slogan?
Some believed it was racist and could create more anger. ## Footnote This highlights the division within the African American community regarding the movement's strategies.
257
Fill in the blank: Stokely Carmichael was elected national chairman of the SNCC in _______.
1966
258
What was Stokely Carmichael's belief about civil rights?
African Americans should not wait to be given civil rights. ## Footnote This reflects a proactive approach to civil rights activism.
259
What did Stokely Carmichael encourage African Americans to focus on regarding their identity?
They should see themselves as black people first and Americans second. ## Footnote This was intended to foster a sense of pride and community among African Americans.
260
What type of facilities did Carmichael believe African Americans should develop in their communities?
* Schools * Hospitals ## Footnote This indicates a focus on self-sufficiency and empowerment.
261
True or False: Stokely Carmichael was part of the NAACP.
False ## Footnote Carmichael was associated with the SNCC, not the NAACP.
262
What landmark decision was made on 19 May 1954 regarding segregation in education?
Segregation in education was declared against the law and unconstitutional in the USA ## Footnote This decision was influenced by the case brought forward by Linda Brown's father with the help of the NAACP.
263
What event in December 1955 significantly impacted the Civil Rights Movement?
Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat for a white passenger. ## Footnote Her actions were planned by the NAACP and led to a year-long boycott of the city bus system.
264
What was the result of the Supreme Court ruling in December 1956?
Segregation on public buses was ruled unconstitutional ## Footnote This ruling was a significant success for the Civil Rights Movement.
265
What did the NAACP do in Arkansas regarding Central High School?
The NAACP sent nine black students to test the all-white school, Central High School ## Footnote This was met with violent opposition from the Governor and local populace.
266
What was the significance of the protests in Greensboro, North Carolina on 1st February 1960?
Four Black students staged a sit-in at a 'whites only' lunch counter, leading to widespread protests and media attention ## Footnote This event marked the beginning of sit-in campaigns across the South.
267
Fill in the blank: The group formed to coordinate sit-in protests was called _______.
SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) ## Footnote SNCC organized many protests and was significant in the Civil Rights Movement.
268
What was the outcome of the Freedom Riders' campaign in 1961?
The campaign raised awareness of segregation and forced the Federal government to intervene, ending segregation in transport facilities ## Footnote The riders faced violent resistance but gained significant media attention.
269
What occurred during the Birmingham protests in May 1963?
Protesters faced violent repression from police, including fire hoses and dogs, which garnered national attention and support for the Civil Rights Movement ## Footnote This event highlighted the extreme racism in Birmingham, leading to Federal intervention.
270
Who organized the Civil Rights March on Washington on 28th August 1963?
A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin ## Footnote The march aimed to pressure the President to pass the Civil Rights Act and was attended by about 200,000 people.
271
What was the outcome of the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964?
It ended segregation in all public places ## Footnote The act was a significant achievement for the Civil Rights Movement and demonstrated widespread support.
272
What was the purpose of the march from Selma to Montgomery on 7th March 1965?
To focus on voting rights and protest against voting restrictions. ## Footnote The event was met with violent opposition, leading to national outrage and eventual legislative change.
273
What was the significance of 'Bloody Sunday' during the Selma to Montgomery march?
It was a violent confrontation that shocked the nation and increased support for the Civil Rights Movement ## Footnote This event led to the Voting Rights Act being passed in August 1965.
274
What was the result of the Voting Rights Act passed in August 1965?
It removed barriers to voting registration, leading to over 250,000 new black voters by the end of 1965 ## Footnote The act represented a significant victory for the Civil Rights Movement.

National 5 History 24-25 (3 decks)

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