The Enlightenment- Cause and Effects - Study Guide

Question 1

The French Revolution

Answer 1

The old Regime; Political system since the middle ages

Question 2

The three estates

Answer 2

The social hierarchy during the French Revolution

Question 3

The first Estate

Answer 3

Ran the church; owned 10 percent of the land

Question 4

The second estates

Answer 4

People who held positions of importance; owned 25-30 percent of the land

Question 5

The third estates

Answer 5

Commoners; 98% of the population; owned 65 percent of the land.

Question 6

18th Century Problems in France

Answer 6

France continued to fight with Great Britain
- lose the 7 year war
- Joins the US to avenge defeat
- Bankrupts the country
- Bad harvest: food shortages

Question 7

Louis XVI

Answer 7

French king that needed money to pay off debt

Question 8

Marie Antonette

Answer 8

Daughter of the Austrian Queen. Married Louis XVI

Question 9

Estates-General

Answer 9

When the economy is on the verge of financial collapse, Louis calls a meeting. Leads to a dispute between the estates due to wavering veiwpoints.

Question 10

Tennis Court Oath

Answer 10

Meetings formed by the Third Estate to create a new constitution. Called themselves the “National Assembly”

Question 11

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Answer 11

Stated the ideas of the Revolution; Freedom of press and equality of all men.
Did not include women

Question 11

The Fall of the Bastille

Answer 11

Bastille represented the torture of the lower class and the oppression that they faced. People tore it down brick by brick. Led to the beginning of the French Revolution

Question 12

The great Fear

Answer 12

Panic that swept the nation, and led to the need for a new and stable government

Question 13

Results of the storming of the Versailles castle

Answer 13

-Louis and Marie are captured and held as prisoners
-Attempt to escape
-Captured at the border
-Put on trial
-Later killed due to the people believing the ideas of a counter revolution.

Question 13

Olympe De Gouges

Answer 13

Writes a declaration of rights stating the importance of females. An angry crowd storms the Parisian women march to Versailles and storm the castle.

Question 14

Maximilian Robespierre

Answer 14

Became the leader of the Committee, revolution became more radical under his control.

Question 15

George Danton

Answer 15

One of the main members of the Revolutionaries. Was killed because he wasn’t “radical enough”

Question 16

Jean-Paul Marat

Answer 16

A very radical revolutionary who published a pamphlet called “THE PEOPLES FRIEND”. More blood

Question 17

San-Culottes

Answer 17

Radical members who refused to wear knee britches. (wore long pants)

Question 18

Reign of Terror

Answer 18

Time period where the revolution got very violent. At least 200-400 thousand people were killed

Question 19

The Great Terror

Answer 19

Robespierre attempted to create a new society wiping about all aspects of the past - (He wanted to erase all of the fear)

Question 20

Jacques-Rene Hebert

Answer 20

A radical revolutionary who led the De-Christianization movement

Question 21

End of the Terror

Answer 21

Robespierre goes too far and is arrested. He is soon sentenced to death. He is the final victim of the Terror.

Question 22

Directory

Answer 22

A new group of 5 men who ruled France after the fall of Robespierre

Question 23

Coup d’etat

Answer 23

A strike against the state (Directory) a sudden overthrow of the government

Question 24

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 24

Led the Coup and MADE HIMSELF the single ruler of France

Question 25

Consulate

Answer 25

New government formed after the Coup: Formed by Napoleon

Question 26

Napoleonic Code

Answer 26

A simplification of the French Legal system. Recognized the rules of equality in the time period.
Napoleon spread it everywhere he went

Question 27

Grand Army

Answer 27

Napoleon built a new army for France.
Napoleon is known as a “Military Genius”
- Doesn’t fight fair

Question 28

Nationalism

Answer 28

A deep devotion to ones country

Question 29

National Draft

Answer 29

Forced military service to higher the amount of men in the army

Question 30

Continental System

Answer 30

Economic Boycott of Great Britain. Trade with Britain was banned in all the “Continental” countries. Backfired on the French

Question 31

Quadruple Alliance

Answer 31

G.B, Russia, Austria, Sweden all joined together to defeat France/Napoleon. France Failed due to the lack of supplies and horrific weather in Russia

Question 32

The Fall (part 1)

Answer 32

Napoleon was sent into exile after the defeat from the Quadruple Alliance.

Question 33

Elba

Answer 33

Small island that Napoleon was sent to the first time.

Question 34

The comeback

Answer 34

Napoleon escaped Elba and returned to France and restored his power

Question 35

The Fall (part 2)

Answer 35

Napoleon tried to make peace, however, the allegiance pledged to defeat him

Question 36

Waterloo

Answer 36

Battle in Belgium where G.B. and Prussia forces crushed Napoleon’s army.

Question 37

Duke of Wellington

Answer 37

Commander of forces opposed to Napoleon at Waterloo

Question 37

St. Helena

Answer 37

Island off the coast of Africa in the South Atlantic where Napoleon was now exiled. He would die here

Question 38

The Congress of Vienna

Answer 38

Meeting of leaders in Europe to organize lasting peace after the defeat if Napoleon.

Question 39

Metternich

Answer 39

Leader at conference who pushed through his conservative program

Question 40

Conservative

Answer 40

Philosophy based on the desire to preserve the traditional established ways of doing things

Question 41

Liberalism

Answer 41

Philosophy that stresses individual liberty and equality under the law

Question 42

Socialism

Answer 42

Philosophy that calls for the public ownership of the means of production