The Enlightenment- Cause and Effects - Study Guide Flashcards
The French Revolution
The old Regime; Political system since the middle ages
The three estates
The social hierarchy during the French Revolution
The first Estate
Ran the church; owned 10 percent of the land
The second estates
People who held positions of importance; owned 25-30 percent of the land
The third estates
Commoners; 98% of the population; owned 65 percent of the land.
18th Century Problems in France
France continued to fight with Great Britain
- lose the 7 year war
- Joins the US to avenge defeat
- Bankrupts the country
- Bad harvest: food shortages
Louis XVI
French king that needed money to pay off debt
Marie Antonette
Daughter of the Austrian Queen. Married Louis XVI
Estates-General
When the economy is on the verge of financial collapse, Louis calls a meeting. Leads to a dispute between the estates due to wavering veiwpoints.
Tennis Court Oath
Meetings formed by the Third Estate to create a new constitution. Called themselves the “National Assembly”
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Stated the ideas of the Revolution; Freedom of press and equality of all men.
Did not include women
The Fall of the Bastille
Bastille represented the torture of the lower class and the oppression that they faced. People tore it down brick by brick. Led to the beginning of the French Revolution
The great Fear
Panic that swept the nation, and led to the need for a new and stable government
Results of the storming of the Versailles castle
-Louis and Marie are captured and held as prisoners
-Attempt to escape
-Captured at the border
-Put on trial
-Later killed due to the people believing the ideas of a counter revolution.
Olympe De Gouges
Writes a declaration of rights stating the importance of females. An angry crowd storms the Parisian women march to Versailles and storm the castle.
Maximilian Robespierre
Became the leader of the Committee, revolution became more radical under his control.
George Danton
One of the main members of the Revolutionaries. Was killed because he wasn’t “radical enough”
Jean-Paul Marat
A very radical revolutionary who published a pamphlet called “THE PEOPLES FRIEND”. More blood
San-Culottes
Radical members who refused to wear knee britches. (wore long pants)
Reign of Terror
Time period where the revolution got very violent. At least 200-400 thousand people were killed
The Great Terror
Robespierre attempted to create a new society wiping about all aspects of the past - (He wanted to erase all of the fear)
Jacques-Rene Hebert
A radical revolutionary who led the De-Christianization movement
End of the Terror
Robespierre goes too far and is arrested. He is soon sentenced to death. He is the final victim of the Terror.
Directory
A new group of 5 men who ruled France after the fall of Robespierre
Coup d’etat
A strike against the state (Directory) a sudden overthrow of the government
Napoleon Bonaparte
Led the Coup and MADE HIMSELF the single ruler of France
Consulate
New government formed after the Coup: Formed by Napoleon
Napoleonic Code
A simplification of the French Legal system. Recognized the rules of equality in the time period.
Napoleon spread it everywhere he went
Grand Army
Napoleon built a new army for France.
Napoleon is known as a “Military Genius”
- Doesn’t fight fair
Nationalism
A deep devotion to ones country
National Draft
Forced military service to higher the amount of men in the army
Continental System
Economic Boycott of Great Britain. Trade with Britain was banned in all the “Continental” countries. Backfired on the French
Quadruple Alliance
G.B, Russia, Austria, Sweden all joined together to defeat France/Napoleon. France Failed due to the lack of supplies and horrific weather in Russia
The Fall (part 1)
Napoleon was sent into exile after the defeat from the Quadruple Alliance.
Elba
Small island that Napoleon was sent to the first time.
The comeback
Napoleon escaped Elba and returned to France and restored his power
The Fall (part 2)
Napoleon tried to make peace, however, the allegiance pledged to defeat him
Waterloo
Battle in Belgium where G.B. and Prussia forces crushed Napoleon’s army.
Duke of Wellington
Commander of forces opposed to Napoleon at Waterloo
St. Helena
Island off the coast of Africa in the South Atlantic where Napoleon was now exiled. He would die here
The Congress of Vienna
Meeting of leaders in Europe to organize lasting peace after the defeat if Napoleon.
Metternich
Leader at conference who pushed through his conservative program
Conservative
Philosophy based on the desire to preserve the traditional established ways of doing things
Liberalism
Philosophy that stresses individual liberty and equality under the law
Socialism
Philosophy that calls for the public ownership of the means of production
