the enlightenment

Question 1

louis XIV

Answer 1

Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715

Question 2

Peter the great

Answer 2

Peter the Great, Peter I or Peter Alexeyevich ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother

Question 3

william the great elector

Answer 3

Frederick William was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia – and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death.

Question 4

absolutism

Answer 4

the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

Question 5

boyar

Answer 5

a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.

Question 6

Ivan IV

Answer 6

Ivan I Daniilovich Kalita was Grand Duke of Moscow from 1325 and Vladimir from 1332.

Question 7

divine right

Answer 7

The divine right of kings, divine right, or God’s mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.

Question 8

henry IV

Answer 8

Henry of Bolingbroke /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/, born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, was King Henry IV of England and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413, and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III, to the Kingdom of France

Question 9

war of spanish secession

Answer 9

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14) was the first world war of modern times with theatres of war in Spain, Italy, Germany, Holland, and at sea. Charles II, king of Spain, died in 1700 without an heir. In his will he gave the crown to the French prince Philip of Anjou.

Question 10

thirty year war

Answer 10

The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.

Question 11

catherine the great

Answer 11

Catherine II of Russia, also known as Catherine the Great, was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67

Question 12

window to the west

Answer 12

It was, in Peter the Great’s terms, enlightened, his big and bright window on the western world. Until the founding of St Petersburg, Russia had seemed, at least to western Europe, a rather frightening Byzantine labyrinth.

Question 13

maria theresa

Answer 13

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg

Question 14

pragmatic sanction

Answer 14

an imperial or royal ordinance or decree that has the force of law.

Question 15

hapsburgs

Answer 15

The House of Habsburg, or House of Austria, was one of the most influential royal houses of Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs between 1438 and 1740.

Question 16

austria

Answer 16

Austria is a German-speaking country in Central Europe, characterized by mountain villages, baroque architecture, Imperial history and rugged Alpine terrain. Vienna, its Danube River capital, is home to the Schönbrunn and Hofburg palaces. It has counted Mozart, Strauss and Freud among its residents. The country’s other notable regions include the northern Bohemian Forest, Traunsee Lake and eastern hillside vineyards.

Question 17

seven years war

Answer 17

The Seven Years’ War was a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763.

Question 18

frederick the great

Answer 18

Frederick II was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king. His most significant accomplishments during his reign included his military victories, his reorganization

Question 19

czar

Answer 19

an emperor of Russia before 1917.

Question 20

frederick william I

Answer 20

Frederick William was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia – and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death

Question 21

glorious revolution

Answer 21

The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange.

Question 22

spanish armada

Answer 22

The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England

Question 23

james I

Answer 23

James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death

Question 24

puritans

Answer 24

a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship

Question 25

queen elizabeth

Answer 25

Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty

Question 26

charles I

Answer 26

Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

Question 27

petition of rights

Answer 27

Petition of Right, 1628, a statement of civil liberties sent by the English Parliament to Charles I. Refusal by Parliament to finance the king’s unpopular foreign policy had caused his government to exact forced loans and to quarter troops in subjects’ houses as an economy measure.

Question 28

long parliament

Answer 28

The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament which had been held for three weeks during the spring of 1640, and which in its turn had followed an 11-years parliamentary absence.

Question 29

short parliament

Answer 29

The Short Parliament was a Parliament of England that sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles I of England, so called because it lasted only three weeks.

Question 30

cavaliers

Answer 30

a supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War.

Question 31

oliver cromwell

Answer 31

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) [a] was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Cromwell was born into the middle gentry, albeit to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII’s minister Thomas Cromwell.

Question 32

commonwealth

Answer 32

an independent country or community, especially a democratic republic.

Question 33

declaration of rights

Answer 33

The Virginia Declaration of Rights is a document drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish “inadequate” government.

Question 34

monarchy

Answer 34

a form of government with a monarch at the head.

Question 35

torries and wigs

Answer 35

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Question 36

english bill of rights

Answer 36

The English Bill of Rights is an act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689. The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech.

Question 37

william and mary

Answer 37

King William III and Queen Mary II of England, who ruled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had expelled Mary’s father, King James II.

Question 38

enlightenment

Answer 38

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

Question 39

philosophers

Answer 39

a person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.

Question 40

john locke

Answer 40

John Locke FRS was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism”.

Question 41

voltaire

Answer 41

François-Marie Arouet, known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church

Question 42

baron de montesquieu

Answer 42

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment

Question 43

mary wollstonecraft

Answer 43

Mary Wollstonecraft was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children’s book

Question 44

salon

Answer 44

a reception room in a large house.

Question 45

spanish hapsburgs

Answer 45

Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries, when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty. The Habsburg rulers reached the zenith of their influence and power.

Question 46

phillip ii

Answer 46

Philip II of Spain, called “the Prudent”, was King of Spain, King of Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily, and during his marriage to Queen Mary I jure uxoris King of England and Ireland. He was also Duke of Milan.

Question 47

war of austrian

Answer 47

The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa’s succession to the Habsburg Monarchy.

Question 48

tutor

Answer 48

a private teacher, typically one who teaches a single student or a very small group

Question 49

stuart

Answer 49

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