socialism, communism, and captialism

Question 1

socialism

Answer 1

social and economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movement that aims at the establishment of such a system.

Question 2

utopia

Answer 2

an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect.

Question 3

robert owen

Answer 3

Robert Owen was a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland.

Question 4

karl marx

Answer 4

Karl Marx, the son of Hirschel and Henrietta Marx, was born in Trier, Germany, in 1818. Hirschel Marx was a lawyer and to escape anti-Semitism decided to abandon his Jewish faith when Karl was a child. Although the majority of people living in Trier were Catholics, Marx decided to become a Protestant.

Question 5

communism

Answer 5

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Question 6

proletariat

Answer 6

The proletariat is a term for the class of wage-earners (especially industrial workers), in a capitalist society, whose only possession of significant material value is their labor-power (their ability to work); a member of such a class is a proletarian.

Question 7

democratic

Answer 7

of, relating to, or supporting democracy or its principles:

Question 8

socialism

Answer 8

social and economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movement that aims at the establishment of such a system.

Question 9

communist manifesto

Answer 9

The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels’ theories about the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles”.

Question 10

capatalism

Answer 10

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Question 11

thomas malthus

Answer 11

The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus FRS was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name, Robert.

Question 12

david ricardo

Answer 12

David Ricardo was a British political economist. He was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and James Mill.

Question 13

dictatorship

Answer 13

Dictatorship is a form of government where a country is ruled by one person or political entity, and exercised through various mechanisms to ensure the entity’s power remains strong. A dictatorship is a type of authoritarianism, in which politicians regulate nearly every aspect of the public and private behavior of citizens.

Question 14

laissez-faire

Answer 14

Laissez-faire is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government interference such as regulations, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies. The phrase laissez-faire is part of a larger French phrase and literally translates to “let (it/them) do”, but in this context usually means to “let go”.

Question 15

adam smith

Answer 15

Adam Smith FRSA was a Scottish economist, philosopher, and author. He was a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and was a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era. He is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments, and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

Question 16

friedrich engels

Answer 16

Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx. In 1845, he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research in Manchester.

Question 17

declaration of rights of women

Answer 17

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen was published in 1791 and is modelled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789. Olympe de Gouges dedicated the text to Marie Antoinette, whom de Gouges described as “the most detested” of women.

Question 18

suffrage

Answer 18

the right to vote in political elections.

Question 19

romanticism

Answer 19

Romanticism was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

Question 20

realism

Answer 20

the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly:

Question 21

naturalism

Answer 21

a philosophical viewpoint according to which everything arises from natural properties and causes, and supernatural or spiritual explanations are excluded or discounted.

Question 22

beethoven

Answer 22

Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, 1 violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas

Question 23

mark twain

Answer 23

Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the latter often called “The Great American Novel”.

Question 24

cartography

Answer 24

the science or practice of drawing maps.

Question 25

social darwinism

Answer 25

Social Darwinism is a name given to various theories of society which emerged in the United Kingdom, North America, and Western Europe in the 1870s, and which claim to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics.

Question 26

charles darwin

Answer 26

Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branchin

Question 27

albert einstein

Answer 27

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. Einstein’s work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc².

Question 28

relativity

Answer 28

The theory of relativity usually encompasses two theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. Concepts introduced by the theories of relativity include spacetime as a unified entity of space and time, relativity of simultaneity, kinematic and gravitational time dilation, and length contraction.

Question 29

sigmund freud

Answer 29

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885,

Question 30

modernism

Answer 30

Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped mo…

Question 31

imperssionism

Answer 31

Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities, ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement

Question 32

monet

Answer 32

Oscar-Claude Monet was a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement’s philosophy of expressing one’s perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term “Impressionism” is derived from the title of his painting Impression, soleil levant

Question 33

natural selection

Answer 33

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time. The term “natural selection” was popularised by Charles Darwin who compared it with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.

Question 34

pytor ilyich

Answer 34

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky,[a 2] often anglicized as Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, was a Russian composer of the late-Romantic period, some of whose works are among the most popular music in the classical repertoire. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally, bolstered by his appearances as a guest conductor in Europe and the United States. Tchaikovsky was honored in 1884,

Question 35

organization

Answer 35

an organized body of people with a particular purpose, especially a business, society, association, etc.

Question 36

doomsday clock

Answer 36

The Doomsday Clock is a symbol which represents the likelihood of a human-caused global catastrophe.

Question 37

sphere of influence

Answer 37

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

Question 38

cooperatives

Answer 38

a farm, business, or other organization that is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits.

Question 39

richard nixon

Answer 39

Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office.

Question 40

henry kissinger

Answer 40

Henry Alfred Kissinger is an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.

Question 41

operation bootstrap

Answer 41

Operation Bootstrap (Spanish: Operación Manos a la Obra) is the name given to a series of projects which transformed the economy of Puerto Rico into an industrial and developed one.

Question 42

prague spring

Answer 42

The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II.

Question 43

duvalier

Answer 43

François Duvalier, also known as Papa Doc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform and successfully thwarted a coup d’état in 1958.

Question 44

salvador allende

Answer 44

Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens was a Chilean physician and politician, known as the first Marxist to become president of a Latin American country through open elections.

Question 45

détente

Answer 45

the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

Question 46

dissidence

Answer 46

protest against official policy; dissent.

Question 47

helsinki accords

Answer 47

The Helsinki Final Act was an agreement signed by 35 nations that concluded the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Helsinki, Finland. The multifaceted Act addressed a range of prominent global issues and in so doing had a far-reaching effect on the Cold War and U.S.-Soviet relations.