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Anatomy & Physiology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system function

A
  • maintenance of internal homeostasis

- the regulation of growth and development of an organism

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers

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3
Q

Hormones are transported by

A

Bloodstream to all cells

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4
Q

What cells are affected by the hormone

A

Target cells that have a reception for that hormone

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5
Q

What is the Master gland

A

Pituitary

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6
Q

What does the pituitary do

A

Communicates w hypothalamus to control many body activities. Link between nervous and endocrine systems

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7
Q

Location of pituitary

A

Base of brain

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8
Q

How many hormones does the pituitary secrete

A

9

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9
Q

What are the 6 major hormones from the pituitary

A

Growth hormone: helps fat be used for energy
Thyroid- stimulating hormone: stimulates growth of the thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone: stimulates growth of the adrenal gland
Follicle stimulating hormone: growth of the ovarian follicles, production of estrogen in females, testosterone
Luteinizing hormone: stimulates ovulation and produces progesterone in females
Oxytocin: released during childbirth; causes contraction of uterus

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10
Q

Diseases of the pituitary

A

Gigantism and dwarfism

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11
Q

Gigantism

A

Over secretion if GH prior to puberty
Excessive growth in long bones
Treatment: drug therapy to inhibit GH release

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12
Q

Dwarfism

A

Under production of GH during childhood
Lone bone growth decreased
Body is proportional and intelligence is normal
Treatment: early diagnosis and injections of GH fore five or more years

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13
Q

Function of thyroid gland

A

Regulates metabolism, growth, development and blood calcium levels

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14
Q

Location of the thyroid

A

Butterfly shaped mass going in neck of the trachea; shaped like an H

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15
Q

Hormones of the thyroid

A

Thyroxine

Calcitonin

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16
Q

Thyroxine

A

Increases metabolic rate; regulates growth and development

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17
Q

Calcitonin

A

Lowers blood calcium by accelerating storage in bones

Calcium is necessary for blood clotting muscle contractions rn holding cells together

18
Q

Diseases of Thyroid

A

Hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease
Hypothyroidism
Cretinism

19
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Over production of thyroxine increases metabolism
Causes weight loss, increases appetite, fatigue, high bp, nervousness, irregular menstrual periods
Treatment: antithyroid med, surgical removal of thyroid

20
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Severe form of hyperthyroidism
More common in women
Symptoms: strained and tense facial expression, nervous, irritability

Goiter: enlarged swelling of thyroid

21
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Under production of thyroxine causes slow metabolism
Weight gain depression , fatigue, puffiness of face hands and feet
Treatment: drugs like levothyroxine

22
Q

Cretinism

A

When hyperthyroidism occurs since infancy or childhood, growth and development don’t occur normally.
Lack of mental and physical growth resulting in mental retardation and malformation
Sexual development and physical growth doesn’t reach beyond 7-8 yr old children

23
Q

Function of parathyroid

A

Raises blood calcium

24
Q

Hormone of parathyroid

A

Raises blood calcium to maintain proper levels of circulating calcium

25
Q

Function of adrenal glands

A

Helps the body prepare for and deal w stress

26
Q

Location of adrenal glands

A

“Suprarenal” glands above each kidney

27
Q

Hormones of the adrenal gland

A

Epinephrine: adrenaline and norepinephrine are released in emergency or stress situations to raise blood glucose levels and prep the body for the fight or flight response

Cortisol: stress hormone that raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of proteins.

28
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Maintains blood glucose homeostasis after eating

Also functions as an exocrine gland- secretes pancreatic juices that are carried to small intestines to aid in digestion

29
Q

Location of pancreas

A

Behind stomach

30
Q

Hormones of the pancreas

A

Insulin- lowers blood glucose, promotes storage of glycogen in liver and muscles
Glucagon- raises blood glucose

31
Q

Function of the thymus

A

Activating cells in the immune system

It stops during puberty

32
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

Under sternum

33
Q

Hormone of thymus

A

Thymosin: stimulates production of antibodies in early years

34
Q

Function of ovaries

A

Regulate menstruation and female sexual characteristics

35
Q

Function of testes

A

Stimulate sperm production and male sex characteristics

In scrotal sac and suspended outside the body

36
Q

Hormone of the testes

A

Testosterone- regulates sexual characteristics of a male

37
Q

Pineal gland

A

Regulates sleep/wake cycle

Located in brain

38
Q

Hormone of the pineal gland

A

Melatonin- released at night to make you sleepy

39
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Synthetic form of testosterone used to treat some disease.
Meg side effects:
Aggressive, hallucinations, high bp, low sperm count, breast reduction, seeping of voice

40
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis

A

Through negative feedback, when the amount of a particular hormone in the blood reaches a certain level, the endocrine system send signals that stop the release of that hormone

41
Q

Explain the pancreas

A
  1. Pancreases releases insulin when there is too m uh sugar in blood
  2. Insulin’s tomulates the liver to remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen
  3. When there isn’t enough sugar in the blood, pancreas releases glucagon
  4. Glucagon signals liver to release glucose back into the blood
42
Q

Leptin

A

Fat cells produce this when they are filled. It is transported to the brain where it suppresses a person appetite. When the fat is used the amount of lepton decreases which causes brain to start to feel hunger again

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