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Anaphy > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Second controlling system of the body

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

fast-control system

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

Uses chemical messengers that are released into the blood

A

hormones

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4
Q

• Hormones control several major processes

A

• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Mobilization of body defenses
• Maintenance of much of homeostasis
• Regulation of metabolism

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5
Q

are produced by specialized cells

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Secrete hormones into extracellular fluids

A

Cells

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7
Q

transfers hormones to target sites

A

Blood

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8
Q

scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs

A

Endocrinology

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9
Q

Hormones are classified chemically as

A

Amino acid-based

Steroids

Prostaglandins

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10
Q

Amino acid-based, which includes:

A

• Proteins
• Peptides
• Amines

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11
Q

made from cholesterol

A

Steroids

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12
Q

made from highly active lipids that act as local hormones

A

Prostaglandins

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13
Q

Hormones affect only certain

A

tissues or organs (target cells or target organs)

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14
Q

must have specific protein receptors

A

Target cells

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15
Q

arouse cells or alter cellular activity

A

Hormones

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16
Q

alters cellular activity

A

Hormone binding

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17
Q

Hormones act by two mechanisms

A

Direct gene activation and Second-messenger system

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18
Q

Used by steroid
hormones and thyroid hormone

A

Direct gene activation

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19
Q

Used by protein and peptide hormones

A

Second-messenger system

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20
Q

The stimuli that activate endocrine glands fall into three major categories

A
  1. Hormonal 2. Humoral 3. Neural
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21
Q

Most common category of stimulus

A

Hormonal stimuli

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22
Q

are activated by other hormones

A

Endocrine organs

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23
Q

Endocrine organs are activated by other hormones

A

Hormonal stimuli

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24
Q

Hormones of the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete its hormones

A

Hormonal stimuli

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25
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release

A

Humoral stimuli

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26
Q

indicates various body fluids. such as blood and bile

A

Humoral

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27
Q

Humoral indicates various body fluids. such as blood and bile

A

Humoral stimuli

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28
Q

Humoral indicates various body fluids such as

A

blood and bile

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29
Q

produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

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30
Q

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels

A

Humoral stimuli

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31
Q

is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

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32
Q

Insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels

A

Humoral stimuli

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33
Q

Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Neural stimuli

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34
Q

stimulate hormone release

A

Nerve fibers

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35
Q

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

A

Neural stimuli

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36
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Neural stimuli

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37
Q

The Major Endocrine Organs

A

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Pineal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Thymus
• Adrenal glands • Pancreas
• Gonads (testes and ovaries)

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38
Q

are ductless glands

A

Endocrine glands

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39
Q

are released directly into blood or lymph

A

Hormones

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40
Q

Hormones are released directly into

A

blood or lymph

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41
Q

Pea-sized gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain

A

Pituitary gland

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42
Q

Pituitary gland is protected by the ____ of the ____

A

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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43
Q

Protected by the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

A

Pituitary gland

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44
Q

Pituitary gland has two functional lobes

A

Anterior pituitary and Posterior pituitary

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45
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

glandular tissue

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46
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

nervous tissue

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47
Q

often called the “master endocrine gland” because it controls activities of so many other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

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48
Q

Hypothalamus also makes two hormones

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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49
Q

Does not make the hormones it releases Stores hormones made by the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary

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50
Q

Two hormones released

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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51
Q

Only released in significant amounts during childbirth and nursing

A

Oxytocin

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52
Q

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor. sexual relations, and breastfeeding

A

Oxytocin

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53
Q

Causes milk ejection (let-down reflex) in a nursing woman

A

Oxytocin

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54
Q

Inhibits urine production (diuresis) by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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55
Q

Two hormones affect nonendocrine targets

A
  1. Growth hormone 2. Prolactin
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56
Q

stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones

A

tropic hormone

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57
Q

Four are tropic hormones

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Thyrotropic hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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58
Q

General metabolic hormone

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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59
Q

Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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60
Q

Plays a role in determining final body size

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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61
Q

Causes amino acids to be built into proteins

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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62
Q

Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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63
Q

Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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64
Q

Function in males is unknown

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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65
Q

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormones

66
Q

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
Stimulates sperm development in testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

67
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • Triggers ovulation of an egg in females
  • Stimulates testosterone production in males
68
Q

Thyrotropic hormone (TH), also called

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

69
Q

-Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

A

Thyrotropic hormone (TH), also called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

70
Q

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

71
Q

• Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

A

Pineal Gland

72
Q

Secretes melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

73
Q

Believed to trigger the body’s sleep/wake cycle

A

melatonin

74
Q

Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans and to inhibit the reproductive system until maturity occurs

A

melatonin

75
Q

• Found at the base of the throat, inferior to the Adam’s apple

A

Thyroid Gland

76
Q

Thyroid Gland Consists of

A

two lobes and a connecting isthmus

77
Q

Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus

A

Thyroid Gland

78
Q

are hollow structures that store colloidal material

A

Follicles

79
Q

Follicles are hollow structures that store colloidal material

A

Thyroid Gland

80
Q

Thyroid Gland Produces two hormones

A
  1. Thyroid hormone 2. Calcitonin
81
Q
  • Major metabolic hormone
A

• Thyroid hormone

82
Q
  • Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy (ATP)
A

• Thyroid hormone

83
Q

Thyroid hormone Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply

A

body heat and chemical energy (ATP)

84
Q

Needed for tissue growth and development

A

• Thyroid hormone

85
Q

• Thyroid hormone Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

86
Q

secreted by thyroid follicles

A

Thyroxine (T4)

87
Q

formed from the conversion of T4, at target tissues

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

88
Q

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone

A

Calcitonin

89
Q

Released in response to rising blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

90
Q

Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

A

Calcitonin

91
Q

Produced by parafollicular cells found between the follicles

A

Calcitonin

92
Q

Calcitonin Produced by

A

parafollicular cells

93
Q

• Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid Glands

94
Q

Parathyroid Glands secrete

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

95
Q

Most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2) homeostasis of the blood

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

96
Q

increases blood calcium levels

A

Hypercalcemic hormone

97
Q

Stimulates ______ to remove calcium from bone

A

osteoclasts

98
Q

Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone

A

Parathyroid Glands

99
Q

Stimulates the ____ and _____ to absorb more calcium

A

kidneys and intestine

100
Q

Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

A

Parathyroid Glands

101
Q

Located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum

A

Thymus

102
Q

Largest in infants and children

A

Thymus

103
Q

Decreases in size throughout adulthood

A

Thymus

104
Q

Thymus Produces a hormone called

A

thymosin

105
Q

Produces a hormone called thymosin

A

Thymus

106
Q

Matures some types of white blood cells

A

Thymus

107
Q
  • Important in developing the immune system
A

Thymus

108
Q

Sit on top of the kidneys

A

Adrenal Glands

109
Q

Adrenal Glands has two regions

A

Adrenal cortex and the Adrenal medulla

110
Q

outer glandular region has three layers that produce corticosteroids

A

Adrenal cortex

111
Q

three layers that produce corticosteroids

A

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Sex hormones

112
Q

are secreted by outermost layer

A

Mineralocorticoids

113
Q

are secreted by middle layer

A

Glucocorticoids

114
Q

are secreted by innermost layer

A

Sex hormones

115
Q

inner neural tissue region

A

Adrenal medulla

116
Q

Hormones of the adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

117
Q

Produced in outer adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

118
Q

Regulate mineral (salt) content in blood particularly sodium and potassium ions

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

119
Q

Regulate water and electrolyte balance

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

120
Q

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) Target organ is the

A

kidney

121
Q

Aldosterone production is inhibited by

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

122
Q

a hormone produced by the heart when blood pressure is too high

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

123
Q

Produced by middle layer of adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

124
Q

Promote normal cell metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids

125
Q

Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormones)

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

126
Q

Anti-inflammatory properties (decrease edema and pain)

A

Glucocorticoids

127
Q

Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

128
Q

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Sex hormones

129
Q

Small amounts are made throughout life

A

Sex hormones

130
Q

Most of the sex hormones produced are

A

androgens (male sex hormones), but some estrogens (female sex hormones) are also formed

131
Q

Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines)

A

Adrenal medulla

132
Q

two similar hormones

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
133
Q

These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (“fight or flight”)

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
134
Q
  • Located in the abdomen, close to stomach
A

Pancreas

135
Q

Mixed gland, with both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

Pancreas

136
Q

produce hormones

A

pancreatic Islets (islets of Langerhans)

137
Q

produced by beta cells

A

Insulin

138
Q

produced by alpha cells

A

Glucagon

139
Q

These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

A

Insulin and Glucagon

140
Q

Released when blood glucose levels are high

A

Insulin

141
Q

Increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells

A

Insulin

142
Q

Insulin Effects are

A

hypoglycemic

143
Q

Released when blood glucose levels are low

A

Glucagon

144
Q

Stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon

145
Q

Glucagon effects are

A

hyperglycemic

146
Q

Stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics

A

Estrogens

147
Q

Mature the female reproductive organs

A

Estrogens

148
Q

With progesterone, estrogens also

A
  • Promote breast development
  • Regulate menstrual cycle
149
Q

Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone

150
Q

Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

A

Progesterone

151
Q

Helps prepare breasts for lactation

A

Progesterone

152
Q

Produce several androgens

A

Testes

153
Q

is the most important androgen

A

Testosterone

154
Q

Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

155
Q

Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system

A

Testosterone

156
Q

Required for sperm cell production

A

Testosterone

157
Q

Other organs that are generally nonendocrine in function also secrete hormones

A

-Stomach
-Small intestine
-Kidneys
-Heart

158
Q

Produces hormones that maintain pregnancy Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby

A

• Placenta

159
Q

Placenta produces

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

160
Q

prepares the breasts for lactation

A

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

161
Q

relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis for childbirth

A

Relaxin

Anaphy (3 decks)

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