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anaphy > Spinal Cord and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra

A

Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Provides a two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain

A

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Spinal Cord is protected by

A

Vertebrae and Meninges

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4
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord

A

31

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5
Q

is the collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end

A

Cauda equina

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6
Q

is mostly cell bodies

A

Internal gray matter

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7
Q

house interneurons

A

Posterior (dorsal) horns

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8
Q

Receive information from sensory neurons in the dorsal root, cell bodies housed in dorsal root ganglion

A

Posterior (dorsal) horns

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9
Q

house motor neurons of the somatic (voluntary) nervous system

A

Ventral (anterior) horns

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10
Q

Send motor information out ventral root

A

Ventral (anterior) horns

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11
Q

surrounds the central canal

A

Gray matter

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12
Q

Gray matter surrounds the central canal, which is filled with

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

Composed of myelinated fiber tracts

A

White matter

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14
Q

White matter has three regions

A

dorsal, lateral, ventral columns

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15
Q

conduct impulses toward brain

A

Sensory (afferent) tracts

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16
Q

carry impulses from brain to skeletal muscles

A

Motor (efferent) tracts

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17
Q

bundles of neuron fibers found outside CNS

A

Nerves

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18
Q

Protective connective tissue coverings

A

nerves

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19
Q

is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber

A

Endoneurium

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20
Q

wraps groups of fibers bound into a fascicle

A

Perineurium

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21
Q

binds groups of fascicles

A

Epineurium

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22
Q

Contain both sensory and motor fibers

A

•Mixed nerves

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23
Q

Carry impulses toward the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) nerves

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24
Q

Carry impulses away from the CNS

A

Motor (efferent) nerves

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25
Q

how many pairs of nerves serve mostly the head and neck

A

12 pairs

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26
Q

Only the pair of _________ extends to thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

vagus nerves

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27
Q

Formed by the joining of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

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28
Q

Named for the region of the spinal cord from which they arise

A

spinal nerves

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29
Q

divide soon after leaving the spinal cord into a dorsal ramus and a ventral ramus

A

spinal nerves

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30
Q

Spinal nerves divide soon after leaving the spinal cord into a

A

dorsal ramus and a ventral ramus

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31
Q

branch of a spinal nerve; contains both motor and sensory fibers

A

Ramus

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32
Q

serve the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk

A

Dorsal rami

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33
Q

form the intercostal nerves that supply muscles and skin of the ribs and trunk

A

Ventral rami (T1-T12)

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34
Q

form a complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior

A

Ventral rami (except T1 -T12)

35
Q

networks of nerves serving motor and sensory needs of the limbs

A

plexus

36
Q

What are the four plexuses

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

37
Q

Motor subdivision of the PNS

A

Autonomic Nervous System

38
Q

Consists only of motor nerves

A

Autonomic Nervous System

39
Q

Controls the body automatically (and is also known as the involuntary nervous system)

A

Autonomic Nervous System

40
Q

Regulates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System

41
Q

Two subdivisions

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

42
Q

Motor neuron cell bodies originate inside the CNS

A

Somatic nervous system

43
Q

Axons extends to skeletal muscles that are served

A

Somatic nervous system

44
Q

Chain of two motor neurons

A

Autonomic nervous system

45
Q

is in the brain or spinal cord

A

Preganglionic neuron

46
Q

extends to the organ

A

Postganglionic neuron

47
Q

Postganglionic neuron has two arms

A

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

48
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

craniosacral division

49
Q

Preganglionic neurons originate in:

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X

S2, through S4, regions of the spinal cord

50
Q

is also known as the thoracolumbar division

A

Sympathetic division

51
Q

originate from T1 through L2

A

Preganglionic neurons

52
Q

pass through a ramus communicans to enter a sympathetic trunk ganglion

A

Axons

53
Q

lies near the spinal cord

A

Sympathetic trunk, or chain

54
Q

Body organs served by the autonomic nervous system receive fibers from both divisions except

A

blood vessels, structures of the skin, some glands, and the adrenal medulla

55
Q

blond vessels, structures of the skin, some glands, and the adrenal medulla. These exceptions receive only

A

sympathetic fibers

56
Q

When body divisions serve the same organ, they cause effects due to different

A

neurotransmitters antagonistic

57
Q

release acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic (cholinergic) fibers

58
Q

release norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic postganglionic (adrenergic) fibers

59
Q

release acetycholine

A

Preganglionic axons of both divisions

60
Q

fight or flight” division

A

Sympathetic

61
Q

Response to unusual stimulus when emotionally or physically stressed or threatened

A

Sympathetic

62
Q

Takes over to increase activities

A

Sympathetic

63
Q

Remember as the “E” division

A

Sympathetic

64
Q

the “E” division

A

Exercise
• Excitement
•Emergency
•Embarrassment

65
Q

“housekeeping” activities

A

Parasympathetic

66
Q

“Rest-and-digest” system

A

Parasympathetic

67
Q

Conserves energy

A

Parasympathetic

68
Q

Maintains daily necessary body functions

A

Parasympathetic

69
Q

Remember as the “D” division

A

Parasympathetic

70
Q

the “D” division

A

• Digestion • Defecation • Diuresis

71
Q

The nervous system is formed during the first month of

A

embryonic development

72
Q

Infections and other exposures can have harmful effects during pregnancy

A

German measles (rubella) -Smoking
- Radiation
- Drugs

73
Q

destroys brain cells

A

Oxygen deprivation

74
Q

one of the last areas of the brain to develop

A

hypothalamus

75
Q

Severe congenital brain diseases include:

A

-Cerebral palsy
-Anencephaly
-Hydrocephalus
-Spina bifida

76
Q

have trouble regulating body temperature because the hypothalamus is one of the last areas to mature prenatally

A

Premature babies

77
Q

Development of motor control indicates the progressive ____ and _____ of a child’s nervous system

A

myelination and maturation

78
Q

ends in young adulthood

A

Brain growth

79
Q

die throughout life and are not replaced; thus, brain mass declines with age

A

Neurons

80
Q

low blood pressure due to changes in body position

A

Orthostatic hypotension

81
Q

Healthy aged people maintain nearly

A

optimal intellectual function

82
Q

particularly cardiovascular disease–is the major cause of declining mental function with age

A

Disease

83
Q

is decreased elasticity of blood vessels

A

Arteriosclerosis

84
Q

Decline in oxygen leads to

A

senility

anaphy (3 decks)

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