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Biology 30 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of feedback loops. Explain

A

Positive (stimulus enhanced)
Negative (stimulus removed)

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2
Q

4 components of feedback systems

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptors
  3. Regulator (usually the brain)
  4. Effectors
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3
Q

Definition of homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment despite changes in external environment

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4
Q

Name stimulus for the release of insulin

A

High blood glucose levels

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5
Q

Name of stimulus for release of glucagon

A

Low blood glucose levels

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6
Q

How can hormones regulate internal body temp

A

Thyroxine can change metabolism

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7
Q

Positive feedback and example

A

Birth, want it to keep going/amplifying it

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8
Q

What are endocrine secretions

A

When it’s released directly into bloodstream

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9
Q

What is exocrine secretions

A

When it’s released into a cavity or a chamber

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10
Q

Definition of hormone

A

Chemical that is secreted by cells in one part of the body Wich is transported to other body parts where it affects particular cells

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11
Q

2 main classes of hormones based on chemical structure

A
  1. Steroid
  2. Protein
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12
Q

What is a steroid hormone

A

Fat soluble. Example: sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen

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13
Q

Protein hormone

A

Water soluble, insulin, growth hormone and ADH

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14
Q

Two terms used when abnormal quantities or hormones are released

A

Hyposecretion (not enough) and hypersecretion (too much)

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15
Q

Steroid hormones, explain how they enter and work

A

They diffuse into membrane, then forms the hormone-receptor complex. Then this diffuses into the nucleus and attaches to DNA.

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16
Q

How do protein hormones enter and work

A

They bind to specific receptors, this activated enzymes to convert ATP into cyclic AMP

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17
Q

What is cyclic AMP

A

Forms from ATP after the protein hormon binds to receptor

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18
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical messenger

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19
Q

What is an antagonistic hormone

A

Keeps body in homeostasis, does smt then other does opposite. Example: insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

What are the two structures that make the nervous system and endocrine system interact

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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21
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Regulates the secretion of pituitary gland

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22
Q

The two hormones for posterior pituitary gland and their targets

A
  1. Oxytocin targets mammory glands and uterus
  2. ADH targets kidney (distal tubule)
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23
Q

What is ADH, where is ADH made and stored

A

It’s the antidiuretic hormone, made is hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

When is ADH released

A

When nerve impulse reach hypothalamus Wich tells the posterior pituitary gland to release ADH into blood

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25
What part of the kidney nephron help reabsorbe water
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
26
What is the function of ADH
Conserve body water by reducing urine output and making tubule more permeable to water therefore water leaves and goes to blood
27
Disease associated with ADH
Diabetes insipidus (low ADH so no reabsorption of water)
28
What detects the body’s water needs and where is it?
Detected by the osmoreceptor in the hypothalamus
29
What is a diuretic and two examples
Coffee and alcohol, suppresses the secreation of ADH (no water reabsorption=lots of peeing)
30
What is the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that increases metabolic rate and lowers blood sugars
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
31
What is the target of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and it’s function
Target: thyroid gland Function: stimulates thyroid gland to secrete hormone called thyroxin Wich increases metabolism
32
What does cellular respiration have to do with thyroxine
Thyroxin speeding up the breakdown of glucose in cells to produce ATP
33
What does mitochondria produce
ATP
34
What does thyroid hormone require for production
Iodine
35
What is a goiter
Enlarged thyroid because of lack of iodine
36
What is in hyper production and hypo production during a goiter
Hypo production of thyroxin (not enough) Hyper production of TSH (over produced because of lack of thyroxine)
37
Two main classes of hormones based on chemical structure are:
1. Protein 2. Steroid
38
How do steroid and protein hormones enter cell
Steroid- diffuses through membrane (form hormone receptor complex, go to nucleus then attach to genes of appropriate DNA) Protein- attach to receptor (activates enzymes that convert ATP to cyclic AMP)
39
The posterior pituitary gland hormones
Oxytocin and ADH
40
What is oxytocin
Targets uterus and breast, stimulates uterus contractions and milk
41
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone, targets distal tubule in nephron, conserve body water by reducing urine output
42
Disease associated with ADH
Diabetes insipidus
43
Diuretic examples
Coffee and alcohol
44
What do diuretics do
Suppress ADH secreation = prevents water reabsorption
45
Anterior hormones
LH MSH HGH TSH ACTH FSH PRL
46
TSH target and function
Target: thyroid gland Function: makes thyroid gland secrete thyroxin Wich increases metabolic rate
47
Thyroid hormones require what for production
Iodine
48
What is myxedema
Hypothyroidism in adulthood, overweight and low metabolic rate
49
What is cretinism
Hypothyroidism at birth, failure to develop physically and mentally
50
HGH function and target
Target: body tissue and bones Function: promotes growth
51
ACTH target and function
Target: cortex of adrenal gland Function: stimulates release of adrenaline, sex hormones
52
MSH target and functions
Melanin to protect skin
53
FSH target and function
Target: gonads Functions: stimulates sperm production and stimulates egg development and estrogen secreation
54
LH target and function
Target: gonads Function: release egg from ovary, produces testosterone
55
PRL target and function
Target: mammary glands Function: stimulates milk production
56
Thyroxin target and function
Target: general body Function: metabolic rate
57
Calcitonin target and function
Target: body Function: moving calcium into bones
58
Parathyroid glands function and target
Target: bones Function: calcium into blood
59
Adrenal glands stimulated by two things
Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
60
Adrenal medulla
Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)
61
Adrenal cortex hormones (fat based)
1. Glucocorticoids 2. Mineral corticoïdes 3. Sex steroids
62
Glucocorticoids target and function
Target: liver and body Function: liver makes glucose from fats
63
Mineralcorticoids target and function
Target: kidney Function: reabsorption of sodium=sodium in blood
64
Disease associated with mineralcorticoids
Addison disease, under active adrenal glands
65
Pancreas hormones
Islets of langerhands (alpha produces glucagon and beta produces insulin)
66
Insulin target and function
Target : liver and general Function: lowers blood glucose (muscles store glycogen and liver converts glucose to glycogen )
67
Glucagon target and function
Target: liver Function: glycogen back to glucose
68
What gland controls secreation of anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
69
What comes from adrenal cortex (3)
Cortisol, aldosterone and sex steroids
70
What does cortisol do
Cortisol increase blood sugar by breaking down glucagon
71
What does aldosterone do
Long term stress response, reabsorption of sodium from nephron to put in blood
72
What hormone raises blood calcium levels
Parathyroid PTH
73
What hormone raises calcium levels in bones, and what gland does it decrease from
Calcitonin, thyroid gland
74
What hormone targets cells to increase metabolism and body heat
Thyroxine
75
How to lower body heat
Decreased thyroxin, metabolic rate goes down
76
How to raise body heat
Thyroxine goes up, metabolic goes up
77
Three hormones that raise blood glucose levels
Glucagon, adrenaline( norepinephrine and epinephrine), cortisol
78
Two hormones that make up long term stress responses Where does it come from
Aldosterone and cortisol Comes from adrenal cortex

Biology 30 (11 decks)

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