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Biology 30 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main types of feedback loops. Explain

A

Positive (stimulus enhanced)
Negative (stimulus removed)

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2
Q

4 components of feedback systems

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptors
  3. Regulator (usually the brain)
  4. Effectors
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3
Q

Definition of homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment despite changes in external environment

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4
Q

Name stimulus for the release of insulin

A

High blood glucose levels

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5
Q

Name of stimulus for release of glucagon

A

Low blood glucose levels

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6
Q

How can hormones regulate internal body temp

A

Thyroxine can change metabolism

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7
Q

Positive feedback and example

A

Birth, want it to keep going/amplifying it

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8
Q

What are endocrine secretions

A

When it’s released directly into bloodstream

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9
Q

What is exocrine secretions

A

When it’s released into a cavity or a chamber

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10
Q

Definition of hormone

A

Chemical that is secreted by cells in one part of the body Wich is transported to other body parts where it affects particular cells

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11
Q

2 main classes of hormones based on chemical structure

A
  1. Steroid
  2. Protein
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12
Q

What is a steroid hormone

A

Fat soluble. Example: sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen

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13
Q

Protein hormone

A

Water soluble, insulin, growth hormone and ADH

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14
Q

Two terms used when abnormal quantities or hormones are released

A

Hyposecretion (not enough) and hypersecretion (too much)

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15
Q

Steroid hormones, explain how they enter and work

A

They diffuse into membrane, then forms the hormone-receptor complex. Then this diffuses into the nucleus and attaches to DNA.

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16
Q

How do protein hormones enter and work

A

They bind to specific receptors, this activated enzymes to convert ATP into cyclic AMP

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17
Q

What is cyclic AMP

A

Forms from ATP after the protein hormon binds to receptor

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18
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical messenger

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19
Q

What is an antagonistic hormone

A

Keeps body in homeostasis, does smt then other does opposite. Example: insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

What are the two structures that make the nervous system and endocrine system interact

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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21
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Regulates the secretion of pituitary gland

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22
Q

The two hormones for posterior pituitary gland and their targets

A
  1. Oxytocin targets mammory glands and uterus
  2. ADH targets kidney (distal tubule)
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23
Q

What is ADH, where is ADH made and stored

A

It’s the antidiuretic hormone, made is hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

When is ADH released

A

When nerve impulse reach hypothalamus Wich tells the posterior pituitary gland to release ADH into blood

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25
Q

What part of the kidney nephron help reabsorbe water

A

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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26
Q

What is the function of ADH

A

Conserve body water by reducing urine output and making tubule more permeable to water therefore water leaves and goes to blood

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27
Q

Disease associated with ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus (low ADH so no reabsorption of water)

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28
Q

What detects the body’s water needs and where is it?

A

Detected by the osmoreceptor in the hypothalamus

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29
Q

What is a diuretic and two examples

A

Coffee and alcohol, suppresses the secreation of ADH (no water reabsorption=lots of peeing)

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30
Q

What is the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that increases metabolic rate and lowers blood sugars

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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31
Q

What is the target of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and it’s function

A

Target: thyroid gland
Function: stimulates thyroid gland to secrete hormone called thyroxin Wich increases metabolism

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32
Q

What does cellular respiration have to do with thyroxine

A

Thyroxin speeding up the breakdown of glucose in cells to produce ATP

33
Q

What does mitochondria produce

A

ATP

34
Q

What does thyroid hormone require for production

A

Iodine

35
Q

What is a goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid because of lack of iodine

36
Q

What is in hyper production and hypo production during a goiter

A

Hypo production of thyroxin (not enough)

Hyper production of TSH (over produced because of lack of thyroxine)

37
Q

Two main classes of hormones based on chemical structure are:

A
  1. Protein
  2. Steroid
38
Q

How do steroid and protein hormones enter cell

A

Steroid- diffuses through membrane (form hormone receptor complex, go to nucleus then attach to genes of appropriate DNA)

Protein- attach to receptor (activates enzymes that convert ATP to cyclic AMP)

39
Q

The posterior pituitary gland hormones

A

Oxytocin and ADH

40
Q

What is oxytocin

A

Targets uterus and breast, stimulates uterus contractions and milk

41
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone, targets distal tubule in nephron, conserve body water by reducing urine output

42
Q

Disease associated with ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus

43
Q

Diuretic examples

A

Coffee and alcohol

44
Q

What do diuretics do

A

Suppress ADH secreation = prevents water reabsorption

45
Q

Anterior hormones

A

LH
MSH
HGH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
PRL

46
Q

TSH target and function

A

Target: thyroid gland
Function: makes thyroid gland secrete thyroxin Wich increases metabolic rate

47
Q

Thyroid hormones require what for production

A

Iodine

48
Q

What is myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism in adulthood, overweight and low metabolic rate

49
Q

What is cretinism

A

Hypothyroidism at birth, failure to develop physically and mentally

50
Q

HGH function and target

A

Target: body tissue and bones
Function: promotes growth

51
Q

ACTH target and function

A

Target: cortex of adrenal gland
Function: stimulates release of adrenaline, sex hormones

52
Q

MSH target and functions

A

Melanin to protect skin

53
Q

FSH target and function

A

Target: gonads
Functions: stimulates sperm production and stimulates egg development and estrogen secreation

54
Q

LH target and function

A

Target: gonads
Function: release egg from ovary, produces testosterone

55
Q

PRL target and function

A

Target: mammary glands
Function: stimulates milk production

56
Q

Thyroxin target and function

A

Target: general body
Function: metabolic rate

57
Q

Calcitonin target and function

A

Target: body
Function: moving calcium into bones

58
Q

Parathyroid glands function and target

A

Target: bones
Function: calcium into blood

59
Q

Adrenal glands stimulated by two things

A

Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

60
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)

61
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones (fat based)

A
  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineral corticoïdes
  3. Sex steroids
62
Q

Glucocorticoids target and function

A

Target: liver and body
Function: liver makes glucose from fats

63
Q

Mineralcorticoids target and function

A

Target: kidney
Function: reabsorption of sodium=sodium in blood

64
Q

Disease associated with mineralcorticoids

A

Addison disease, under active adrenal glands

65
Q

Pancreas hormones

A

Islets of langerhands (alpha produces glucagon and beta produces insulin)

66
Q

Insulin target and function

A

Target : liver and general
Function: lowers blood glucose (muscles store glycogen and liver converts glucose to glycogen )

67
Q

Glucagon target and function

A

Target: liver
Function: glycogen back to glucose

68
Q

What gland controls secreation of anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

69
Q

What comes from adrenal cortex (3)

A

Cortisol, aldosterone and sex steroids

70
Q

What does cortisol do

A

Cortisol increase blood sugar by breaking down glucagon

71
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Long term stress response, reabsorption of sodium from nephron to put in blood

72
Q

What hormone raises blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid PTH

73
Q

What hormone raises calcium levels in bones, and what gland does it decrease from

A

Calcitonin, thyroid gland

74
Q

What hormone targets cells to increase metabolism and body heat

A

Thyroxine

75
Q

How to lower body heat

A

Decreased thyroxin, metabolic rate goes down

76
Q

How to raise body heat

A

Thyroxine goes up, metabolic goes up

77
Q

Three hormones that raise blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon, adrenaline( norepinephrine and epinephrine), cortisol

78
Q

Two hormones that make up long term stress responses

Where does it come from

A

Aldosterone and cortisol

Comes from adrenal cortex

Biology 30 (11 decks)

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