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Biology 30 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are proteins made of

A

Building blocks called amino acids

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2
Q

What is the role of DNA

A

Guide synthesis of protein

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3
Q

How many nitrogen bases needed to code one AA

A

3

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4
Q

How many different amino acids

A

20

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5
Q

The synthesis of proteins requires another nucleus acid called

A

RNA

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6
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA (5)

A
  1. RNA has ribose sugar
  2. URACIL replaces thymine as nitrogen base
  3. RNA is single stranded
  4. 3 diff types
  5. Much shorter
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7
Q

3 main types of RNA

A
  1. MRNA messenger RNA
  2. TRNA transfer RNA
  3. RRNA ribosomal RNA
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8
Q

What does messenger RNA do

A

Tells the RRNA what TRNA to put down

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9
Q

What does transfer TRNA pair with

A

The complementary codon on mRNA

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10
Q

What is a loop of 3 exposed nitrogen bases called

A

Anticodon Wich is on the tRNA

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11
Q

What does tRNAs do

A

Binds to specific amino acids in cytoplasm and transports them to protein producing factories (ribosomes)

Attaches to mRNA

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12
Q

What is rRNA

A

Factory for making protein and exists in cytoplasm

Takes tRNA to put on mRNA

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13
Q

Three phases of transcription

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Élongation
  3. Termination
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14
Q

What does RNA polymerase do

A

This enzyme adds RNA nucleotides to form mRNA

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15
Q

What is the side of DNA being copied called

A

Antisense or template strand

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16
Q

Where does translation and transcription happen

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

TRNA anticodons pairs up with what

A

MRNA codons inside ribosome

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18
Q

Translation stops when

A

When one of the three “stops” codons reaches A site on ribosome

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19
Q

What are body cells called

A

Somatic cells

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20
Q

What do proteins do in our bodies

A

Enzymes
Structure and support
Transport
Immune response

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21
Q

3 parts of the structure of AA

A

Amino group(H-N-H)
Carboxyl group (O=C-OH)
Variable group (R)

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22
Q

Bonds between AAs are called what

A

Peptide bonds

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23
Q

4 levels of organization of protein structure

A

Primary
Secoundary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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24
Q

Secondary organization of protein

A

Created by hydrogen bonds between oxygen from carboxyl group of one AA and hydrogen from amino group of another

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25
Q

Tertiary organization of proteins

A

Polypeptide chain bends and folds over itself because of interaction with R group

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26
Q

Quaternary organization of protein

A

Takes multiple polypeptide chains to make structure

Good example of a protein with this structure is HEMOGLOBIN

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27
Q

Who discovered role of DNA

A

Fred Griffiths

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28
Q

What did Avery do

A

Suggests DNA was the molecule of inheritance

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29
Q

What did Franklin do

A

X-ray crystallography
DNA discovery

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30
Q

Watson and crick

A

DNA structure

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31
Q

What are the cells called when DNA is circular and not associated with protein (bacteria)

A

Prokaryotic

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32
Q

DNA is composed of building blocks called

A

Nucleotide

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33
Q

Each nucleotide has (3)

A

Phosphate group
Penrose sugar
Nitrogen base

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34
Q

4 possible nitrogenous based

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine (uracil)

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35
Q

Wich are PURINES

A

Adenine and guanine

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36
Q

Wich are PYRIMIDINES

A

Cytosine and thymine (uracil)

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37
Q

What are purines

A

Double ring structure

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38
Q

What are pyrimidines

A

Single ring structure

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39
Q

What is Chargaffs rule

A

Equal amounts of A and T AND equal amounts of C and G

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40
Q

What are histones

A

Chromosomal DNA that is folded and is bound to small protein molecules called histones

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41
Q

Wich cell contains histones

A

Eukaryotic

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42
Q

What does helicase do

A

Breaks down DNA strands apart, starts replication origin

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43
Q

What does DNA polymerase 3 do

A

Binds to strand and attaches new nucleotides to it

44
Q

What does RNA primasse do

A

Flag, puts down primer to start process

45
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

Molecule of phosphate
5c sugar
Nitrogen base

46
Q

What does DNA polymerase 1 do

A

Removes primer and puts in nucleotides to continue strand

47
Q

Which cell is usually bacteria, and not associated with histones, prokaryotic cells, or eucaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells

48
Q

What is DNA gyrase

A

Hold the two strands apart and relieves strain

49
Q

When the DNA molecule is opened up, a huge enzyme, binds onto each open DNA strand and it’s called

A

DNA polymerase three

50
Q

What are the two main functions of DNA polymerase three

A

It recognized exposed bases and matches them up with nucleotides

Bones together the sugars and phosphates of the free complementary nucleotides to form complete new sides

51
Q

I what are the short and choppy segments on the lagging strand called

A

Okazaki fragments

52
Q

What does telomarase do

A

Ask to restore length, and DNA polymerase is able to extend an seal the ends

53
Q

What are chromosomes made of

A

DNA
PROTEINS

54
Q

What did Franklin do

A

Used x-ray to find double helix

55
Q

What does DNA ligase do

A

Used to glue together DNA

56
Q

What are nucleotides compromised of

A

Nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate

57
Q

Wich part of cell cycle does DNA replication take place in

A

Interphase

58
Q

Where is DNA found

A

Nucleus only

59
Q

Where is RNA found

A

Nucleus, ribosome, cytoplasme

60
Q

What are enzymes made of

A

Proteins

61
Q

When does crossover happen

A

Profase1

62
Q

What is a tetrad

A

Pairs of X (chromosomes)

63
Q

What term is used to refer to a failure of chromosomes to seperate from each other

A

Nondisjunction

64
Q

Cytokinesis takes place after what

A

Telophase

65
Q

What is transcription

A

Copying of DNA code by mRNA

66
Q

What is the word for a 3 base code for an amino acid

A

Codon

67
Q

Which cell division does growth, healing, cuts, and nail growth

A

Mitosis

68
Q

How many homologous chromosome pairs in a human and how many pairs of sex chromosomes?

A

22 Pairs of body cells (homologous chromosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes

69
Q

Is the drawing of a chroma zone when it’s an ex duplicated or unduplicated

A

Duplicated

70
Q

What are two names for one strand in the drawing of an X chromosome?

A

Chromatid and sister

71
Q

What is a centromere and what does it do?

A

Hold sister chromatids together and helps anchor the duplicated chromosomes to the spindle fibres

72
Q

What are centrioles and what do they do?

A

In animal cells, they produce spindle fibres

73
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm division

74
Q

What happens in the mitosis prophase?

A

The centrioles go to the sides and the chromosomes attached to the spindle fibres

75
Q

What happens in mitosis metaphase

A

The duplicated chromosomes align at the centre of the cell still on the spindle fibres

76
Q

What happens in mitosis anaphase

A

The spindle, fibers, shorten and contract, and the chromatids are dragged to opposite poles of the cell

77
Q

What happens in mitosis telophase

A

The nuclear membrane reforms, and is followed by division of the cytoplasm

78
Q

Is mitosis or meiosis reductional

A

Meiosis

79
Q

What happens in meiosis prophase one?

A

Homologous chromosomes find each other

80
Q

What does prophase one in meiosis look like and what is everything called

A

Two exes stuck together
-The single strands are called chromatids, or sister chromatids
- The whole thing is called a tetrad
- The ex is called a centromere or chrome zone

81
Q

When does crossing over happen in meiosis?

A

Prophase one

82
Q

What happens during meiosis metaphase one?

A

The tetrads line up, and the spindle fibres attach to each centromere

83
Q

What happens during meiosis anaphase one?

A

The tetrads are separated (not the centromere/sister chroma zones)

84
Q

What happens during meiosis telophase one?

A

Cytokinesis would occur now you have two balls

85
Q

What happens during meiosis prophase two

A

Spindle fibres form again

86
Q

What happens during miosis metaphase two

A

The chromosomes align at equator, spindle, fibres attach

87
Q

What happens during meiosis anaphase two

A

Centimetres are separated, and chromatids are drawn towards opposite sides

88
Q

What happens during meiosis telophase two

A

Spindle fibres disappear, membrane reforms, and cytokinesis occurs

89
Q

What is it called when chromosomes cannot separate

A

Nondisjunction

90
Q

What is trisomy 21 - down syndrome

A

One extra chromosome, heart issues

91
Q

What is monosomy X - turner syndrome?

A

Minus one chromosome, one sex chromosome no pair

Females with only one X chromosomes

92
Q

Is gametophye diploid or haploid

A

Haploid (gametes are haploid)

93
Q

Is sporophytes diploid or haploid

A

Diploid

94
Q

What is transcription and translation

A

Transcription: DNA splitting, making the mRNA with polymerase (adds nucleotides)

Translation: has an mRNA strand and rRNA takes tRNA to attach a new strand

95
Q

What does gyrase do

A

Holds them apart

96
Q

What does ligase do

A

Glue

97
Q

What does telomerase do

A

Restores length on the telomeres

98
Q

What is a point mutation

A

Mutation of specific base pair

99
Q

What is gene mutation

A

Mutation that changes AA coded for

100
Q

None sense mutations

A

Converts an amino acid into a stop codon

101
Q

Missense mutation

A

Substitution of aa’s

102
Q

Insertion mutation

A

Adding a base pair

103
Q

Silent mutation

A

Had a change, but dosent affect what the aa is coded for

104
Q

Deletion mutation

A

Deleted à base pair

105
Q

Codon deletion mutation

A

Entire codon gone

106
Q

What do centrioles produce

A

Spindle fibers

Biology 30 (11 decks)

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