DNA Flashcards
1
Q
What are proteins made of
A
Building blocks called amino acids
2
Q
What is the role of DNA
A
Guide synthesis of protein
3
Q
How many nitrogen bases needed to code one AA
A
3
4
Q
How many different amino acids
A
20
5
Q
The synthesis of proteins requires another nucleus acid called
A
RNA
6
Q
How does RNA differ from DNA (5)
A
- RNA has ribose sugar
- URACIL replaces thymine as nitrogen base
- RNA is single stranded
- 3 diff types
- Much shorter
7
Q
3 main types of RNA
A
- MRNA messenger RNA
- TRNA transfer RNA
- RRNA ribosomal RNA
8
Q
What does messenger RNA do
A
Tells the RRNA what TRNA to put down
9
Q
What does transfer TRNA pair with
A
The complementary codon on mRNA
10
Q
What is a loop of 3 exposed nitrogen bases called
A
Anticodon Wich is on the tRNA
11
Q
What does tRNAs do
A
Binds to specific amino acids in cytoplasm and transports them to protein producing factories (ribosomes)
Attaches to mRNA
12
Q
What is rRNA
A
Factory for making protein and exists in cytoplasm
Takes tRNA to put on mRNA
13
Q
Three phases of transcription
A
- Initiation
- Élongation
- Termination
14
Q
What does RNA polymerase do
A
This enzyme adds RNA nucleotides to form mRNA
15
Q
What is the side of DNA being copied called
A
Antisense or template strand
16
Q
Where does translation and transcription happen
A
Cytoplasm
17
Q
TRNA anticodons pairs up with what
A
MRNA codons inside ribosome
18
Q
Translation stops when
A
When one of the three “stops” codons reaches A site on ribosome
19
Q
What are body cells called
A
Somatic cells
20
Q
What do proteins do in our bodies
A
Enzymes
Structure and support
Transport
Immune response
21
Q
3 parts of the structure of AA
A
Amino group(H-N-H)
Carboxyl group (O=C-OH)
Variable group (R)
22
Q
Bonds between AAs are called what
A
Peptide bonds
23
Q
4 levels of organization of protein structure
A
Primary
Secoundary
Tertiary
Quaternary
24
Q
Secondary organization of protein
A
Created by hydrogen bonds between oxygen from carboxyl group of one AA and hydrogen from amino group of another
25
Tertiary organization of proteins
Polypeptide chain bends and folds over itself because of interaction with R group
26
Quaternary organization of protein
Takes multiple polypeptide chains to make structure
Good example of a protein with this structure is HEMOGLOBIN
27
Who discovered role of DNA
Fred Griffiths
28
What did Avery do
Suggests DNA was the molecule of inheritance
29
What did Franklin do
X-ray crystallography
DNA discovery
30
Watson and crick
DNA structure
31
What are the cells called when DNA is circular and not associated with protein (bacteria)
Prokaryotic
32
DNA is composed of building blocks called
Nucleotide
33
Each nucleotide has (3)
Phosphate group
Penrose sugar
Nitrogen base
34
4 possible nitrogenous based
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine (uracil)
35
Wich are PURINES
Adenine and guanine
36
Wich are PYRIMIDINES
Cytosine and thymine (uracil)
37
What are purines
Double ring structure
38
What are pyrimidines
Single ring structure
39
What is Chargaffs rule
Equal amounts of A and T AND equal amounts of C and G
40
What are histones
Chromosomal DNA that is folded and is bound to small protein molecules called histones
41
Wich cell contains histones
Eukaryotic
42
What does helicase do
Breaks down DNA strands apart, starts replication origin
43
What does DNA polymerase 3 do
Binds to strand and attaches new nucleotides to it
44
What does RNA primasse do
Flag, puts down primer to start process
45
What is a nucleotide
Molecule of phosphate
5c sugar
Nitrogen base
46
What does DNA polymerase 1 do
Removes primer and puts in nucleotides to continue strand
47
Which cell is usually bacteria, and not associated with histones, prokaryotic cells, or eucaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
48
What is DNA gyrase
Hold the two strands apart and relieves strain
49
When the DNA molecule is opened up, a huge enzyme, binds onto each open DNA strand and it’s called
DNA polymerase three
50
What are the two main functions of DNA polymerase three
It recognized exposed bases and matches them up with nucleotides
Bones together the sugars and phosphates of the free complementary nucleotides to form complete new sides
51
I what are the short and choppy segments on the lagging strand called
Okazaki fragments
52
What does telomarase do
Ask to restore length, and DNA polymerase is able to extend an seal the ends
53
What are chromosomes made of
DNA
PROTEINS
54
What did Franklin do
Used x-ray to find double helix
55
What does DNA ligase do
Used to glue together DNA
56
What are nucleotides compromised of
Nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate
57
Wich part of cell cycle does DNA replication take place in
Interphase
58
Where is DNA found
Nucleus only
59
Where is RNA found
Nucleus, ribosome, cytoplasme
60
What are enzymes made of
Proteins
61
When does crossover happen
Profase1
62
What is a tetrad
Pairs of X (chromosomes)
63
What term is used to refer to a failure of chromosomes to seperate from each other
Nondisjunction
64
Cytokinesis takes place after what
Telophase
65
What is transcription
Copying of DNA code by mRNA
66
What is the word for a 3 base code for an amino acid
Codon
67
Which cell division does growth, healing, cuts, and nail growth
Mitosis
68
How many homologous chromosome pairs in a human and how many pairs of sex chromosomes?
22 Pairs of body cells (homologous chromosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes
69
Is the drawing of a chroma zone when it’s an ex duplicated or unduplicated
Duplicated
70
What are two names for one strand in the drawing of an X chromosome?
Chromatid and sister
71
What is a centromere and what does it do?
Hold sister chromatids together and helps anchor the duplicated chromosomes to the spindle fibres
72
What are centrioles and what do they do?
In animal cells, they produce spindle fibres
73
What is cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm division
74
What happens in the mitosis prophase?
The centrioles go to the sides and the chromosomes attached to the spindle fibres
75
What happens in mitosis metaphase
The duplicated chromosomes align at the centre of the cell still on the spindle fibres
76
What happens in mitosis anaphase
The spindle, fibers, shorten and contract, and the chromatids are dragged to opposite poles of the cell
77
What happens in mitosis telophase
The nuclear membrane reforms, and is followed by division of the cytoplasm
78
Is mitosis or meiosis reductional
Meiosis
79
What happens in meiosis prophase one?
Homologous chromosomes find each other
80
What does prophase one in meiosis look like and what is everything called
Two exes stuck together
-The single strands are called chromatids, or sister chromatids
- The whole thing is called a tetrad
- The ex is called a centromere or chrome zone
81
When does crossing over happen in meiosis?
Prophase one
82
What happens during meiosis metaphase one?
The tetrads line up, and the spindle fibres attach to each centromere
83
What happens during meiosis anaphase one?
The tetrads are separated (not the centromere/sister chroma zones)
84
What happens during meiosis telophase one?
Cytokinesis would occur now you have two balls
85
What happens during meiosis prophase two
Spindle fibres form again
86
What happens during miosis metaphase two
The chromosomes align at equator, spindle, fibres attach
87
What happens during meiosis anaphase two
Centimetres are separated, and chromatids are drawn towards opposite sides
88
What happens during meiosis telophase two
Spindle fibres disappear, membrane reforms, and cytokinesis occurs
89
What is it called when chromosomes cannot separate
Nondisjunction
90
What is trisomy 21 - down syndrome
One extra chromosome, heart issues
91
What is monosomy X - turner syndrome?
Minus one chromosome, one sex chromosome no pair
Females with only one X chromosomes
92
Is gametophye diploid or haploid
Haploid (gametes are haploid)
93
Is sporophytes diploid or haploid
Diploid
94
What is transcription and translation
Transcription: DNA splitting, making the mRNA with polymerase (adds nucleotides)
Translation: has an mRNA strand and rRNA takes tRNA to attach a new strand
95
What does gyrase do
Holds them apart
96
What does ligase do
Glue
97
What does telomerase do
Restores length on the telomeres
98
What is a point mutation
Mutation of specific base pair
99
What is gene mutation
Mutation that changes AA coded for
100
None sense mutations
Converts an amino acid into a stop codon
101
Missense mutation
Substitution of aa’s
102
Insertion mutation
Adding a base pair
103
Silent mutation
Had a change, but dosent affect what the aa is coded for
104
Deletion mutation
Deleted à base pair
105
Codon deletion mutation
Entire codon gone
106
What do centrioles produce
Spindle fibers
