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HUBS EXAM 2 > the endocrine system > Flashcards

the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

it is a collection of endocrine glands and tissues found throughout the body that produce and secrete hormones

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2
Q

what does the endocrine system do with the nervous system

A

work together to maintain homeostasis, by responding to changes within the internal environment and influencing cellular activity

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3
Q

what is the definition of hormone

A

hormones are chemical signals released from endocrine glands into the bloodstream where they travel to target tissues, stimulating particular cellular actions

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4
Q

what are the three types of stimuli/ regulation for hormone release

A

humoral stimulus
neural stimulus
hormonal stimulus

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5
Q

what is the concentration of a hormone determined by

A
  • the rate of hormone release from its endocrine gland

- the rate of inactivation and removal of the hormone from the blood

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6
Q

what is a half life

A

the time it takes for a hormones blood level to decrease by half. different hormones have different half lives

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7
Q

what is humeral stimulation

A

when the concentration of a solute in the blood moves out of its set point range, it triggers the release of a hormone. when the ion/ nutrient returns back to its set point range, it inhibits further release of the hormone (shuts off the hormone release)

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8
Q

what is neural stimulation

A

action potential in a nerve stimulates the release of a hormone. when nerve stimulation of an endocrine gland stops, it inhibits further release of that hormone

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9
Q

what is hormonal stimulation

A

a hormone from one gland stimulates the release of a hormone from another gland. when levels of the final hormone release rise, it inhibits the release of the initial hormone

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10
Q

what are the main endocrine glands of the body

A

pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes

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11
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

it is a neuroendocrine organ- a major component of the nervous system and also the control centre for the endocrine glands

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12
Q

anterior pituitary gland hormones (secretes hormones in response to hormonal stimulation from hypothalamus)

  1. growth hormone
  2. thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. ACTH
  4. prolactin
  5. luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
A
  1. growth hormone- liver, skin, most body cells, bone- cell/ tissue growth
  2. thyroid stimulating gland- thyroid gland- stimulates production and release of TH
  3. ACTH- adrenal gland- production and release of cortisol
  4. prolactin- breasts- breast milk production
  5. lutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone- gonads- stimulating sex cell production and sex hormone production secretion
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13
Q

posterior pituitary gland (secretes hormones made by the hypothalamus in response to neural stimuli)

  1. oxytocin
  2. ADH
A
  1. Oxytocin- breasts and uterus- breastmilk release and contractions
  2. ADH- kidneys- retain water/ reabsorption of water from kidneys back into the blood
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14
Q

thyroid gland

  1. thyroid hormone
  2. calcitonin
A
  1. thyroid gland (T3 and T4)- most body cells- increase cell metabolism (make ATP)
  2. calcitonin- bone- decreases the amount of calcium in the blood, stimulates osteoblasts
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15
Q

parathyroid gland

1. parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid hormone- bones, kidneys and intestines- increases blood calcium levels, stimulate osteoclasts, increase reabsorption of calcium, increase calcium reabsorption from food

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16
Q

adrenal gland

  1. aldosterone
  2. cortisol
  3. adrenaline and noradrenaline
A
  1. aldosterone- kidneys- increasing sodium reabsorption and increases blood volume and blood pressure
  2. cortisol- most body cells, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver- make energy and stores available for cellular use during stress
  3. adrenaline and noradrenaline- SNS effectors (heart, respiratory tract, blood vessels)- enhance the sympathetic nervous effects at those tissues
17
Q

pancreas

  1. insulin
  2. glucagon
A
  1. insulin- liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, most body cells- decrease blood glucose levels, most body cells take glucose from the blood to make ATP. liver and skeletal muscles remove glucose from the blood and store it. adipose tissue makes glucose and converts it to fat.
  2. glucagon- liver- increase blood glucose levels, release stored glucose back into the blood. also turns fat and protein into glucose and puts back into blood
18
Q

gonads

  1. estrogen and testosterone
  2. progesterone
A
  1. estrogen and testosterone- reproductive structures, skin, connective tissue including bone, muscles- help reproductive structures grow and develop, help support and sustain their ongoing functions. skin, CT etc causes secondary sex characteristics
  2. progesterone- uterus, breasts, cervix- stimulates breast development, stimulates cyclical changes in the uterus
19
Q

what are the 2 sets of hormones the hypothalamus secretes

A
  • regulatory hormones that control the release of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
  • two hormones that are transmitted to, stored in and released from the posterior pituitary gland
20
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

it produces melatonin which is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms of the body, including sleep/ wake cycles, mood and eating patterns. it may also be involved in inhibiting reproductive function during childhood

21
Q

do hormones work slower than nerve signals

A

yes

22
Q

characteristics of the anterior pituitary gland

A
  • releases 6 hormones
  • produces own hormones
  • hormonal stimuli causes hormone release
23
Q

characteristics of posterior pituitary gland

A
  • releases two hormones
  • neural stimuli causes hormone release
  • stores hypothalamic hormones
24
Q

what are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland

A
  1. the adrenal cortex- produces and secretes numerous hormones known as corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids)
  2. the adrenal medulla- innervated by sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system and synthesizes and secretes 2 catecholamines in response to neural stimulation (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
25
Q

effects of glucagon (pancreas)

A
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis
  • stimulates glycogenolysis
  • increases blood glucose levels
  • target; liver
26
Q

effects of insulin (pancreas)

A
  • stimulates glycogenesis
  • stimulates cellular uptake of glucose
  • stimulates cellular uptake of amino acids
  • decreases blood glucose levels
  • targets most body cells
  • stimulates lipogenesis
27
Q

what are some other hormone secreting tissues in the body

A

the heart, adipose tissue, nerves, stomach, small intestine, thymus, kidneys, bone, skeletal muscle, skin

HUBS EXAM 2 (6 decks)

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