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HUBS EXAM 2 > nervous system PNS and special senses > Flashcards

nervous system PNS and special senses Flashcards

1
Q

the anatomy of peripheral nerves (PNS nerves)

A

they are structures that contain bundles of neuronal axons, blood vessels and connective tissue layers.

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2
Q

features of cranial nerves

A

some nerves have only sensory or only motor neurons
innervate head and neck only
12 pairs

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3
Q

features of spinal nerves

A 
innervate neck and body 
contain dorsal root ganglia 
all nerves contain sensory and motor neurons 
nerves form intricate nerve plexuses 
31 pairs
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4
Q

dorsal (posterior) root in spinal cord

A

contains axons of incoming sensory neurons.

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5
Q

ventral (anterior) root

A

contains the axons of the outgoing motor neurons

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6
Q

what is a dorsal root ganglion

A

a swelling on the dorsal root where all the cell bodies of the sensory neurons sit

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7
Q

what is sensory division of the PNS

A

a major division in the PNS, it includes all of the sensory receptors and the sensory nerves carrying information to the CNS

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8
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

they are on the receptive region of the primary sensory neurons

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9
Q

exteroceptors (sensory receptor)

A

all sensory receptors located near the surface of the body and within the special sense organs. they respond to stimuli from the external environment

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10
Q

proprioceptors (sensory receptors)

A

all sensory receptors located within the skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints. they respond to stimuli related to the activities of these structures such as movement and changes in position

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11
Q

interoceptors (sensory receptor)

A

all the sensory receptors located in or near the viscera (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands) of the body. they respond to stimuli within the internal environment of the body.

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12
Q

what do chemoreceptors respond to

A

chemicals or changes in chemical concentrations

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13
Q

what do thermoreceptors respond to

A

to changes in temperature

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14
Q

what do nociceptors respond to

A

to harmful or potentially harmful stimuli

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15
Q

what do photoreceptors respond to

A

to light waves

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16
Q

what do mechanoreceptors respond to

A

to stimuli that distort the plasma membrane e.g. stretch, compression, touch, vibration etc.

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17
Q

what are primary sensory neurons

A

they are afferent (conducting) neurons that carry nerve signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.

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18
Q

what kind of neuron is a primary sensory neuron

A

it is a unipolar neuron. their cell bodies reside in the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves and their axon terminals terminate in the spinal cord or brainstem.

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19
Q

PNS to CNS interaction

A

the CNS recieves thousands of afferent signals from the PNS sensory neurons every minute. each primary sensory neuron has a specific type of sensory receptor, located in a particular part of the body which follows a specific pathway to a specific region of the brain. this way the brain is able to distinguish the type of stimulus and the location of that stimulus. the greater the frequency, the stronger the stimulus (strength, pattern and duration)

20
Q

what is the functionalities of lower motor neurons

A

lower motor neurons receive innervation from upper motor neurons under voluntary control.

21
Q

what is the anatomy and functionalities of motor units

A

a motor unit is one lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. the anatomy of a motor unit is a muscle made up of lots of muscle fibers

22
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

one of 2 subdivisions of the motor division of the PNS. The somatic nervous system consists of all the motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles. somatic motor neurons are referred to as lower motor neurons.
it is voluntary movement

23
Q

what does the strength of the muscle contraction depend on

A

frequency- the greater the frequency the stronger the contractions
recruitment- the number of motor units stimulated. the greater number recruited, the more muscle fibers being stimulated to contract and therefore greater overall strength of the muscle contraction.

24
Q

what is a somatic motor reflex

A

they are involuntary movements of skeletal muscles in response to particular sensory stimuli. CNS integration of these movements occurs within the spinal cord or brainstem

25
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

how somatic reflexes occur. it is the involuntary movements of skeletal muscles in response to particular sensory stimuli.

  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integration system
  4. motor system
  5. effector
26
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

it is a subdivision of motor division (the other is somatic nervous system). it is composed of neurons that innervate the viscera of the body. ANS motor neurons work under involuntary control directed mostly by the hypothalamus and brainstem, also involving cerebral cortex, limbic system and spinal cord. ANS control is through autonomic reflexes.

27
Q

what are autonomic reflexes

A

just like somatic reflexes. it has an arc where sensory neurons communicate directly with autonomic motor neurons in the brainstem, or spinal cord

28
Q

characteristics of sympathetic system

A

active when anxious or nervous, flight or fight system, high energy use, prepares body for action, heart rate increases, pupils dilate, blood vessels dilate

29
Q

characteristics of parasympathetic system

A

active when reading a book, facilitates housekeeping functions, low energy use, rest and digest system, pupils constrict, heart rate is low

30
Q

both parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways have what

A

a two neuron relay from the spinal cord to the viscera (organ). they have preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron that synapse with each other in the ganglia outside the spinal cord.

31
Q

what are the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways

A
  • they differ by the effect they have on the viscera
  • the spinal cord level where their preganglionic neurons exit
  • the location of their associated ganglia
  • the length of their 2 neurons
  • the neurotransmitters they release at the viscera.
32
Q

parasympathetic nervous system neurons

A

preganglionic neurons exit at the CNS via the cranial and sacral nerves.
ganglia is located in or near the viscera (preganglionic neurons are long and postganglionic neurons are short)
the postganglionic neurons release Ach which may be excitatiry or inhibitory depending on the type of effector containing the muscarinic receptors

33
Q

sympathetic nervous system neurons

A

preganglionic neurons exit the CNS via thoracic and lumbar nerves.
ganglia is located in a chain alongside the spinal cord (preganglionic neurons are short and postganglionic neurons are long)
postganglionic neurons release epinephrine (NE) which may be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the subtype of adrenergic receptors in the viscera

34
Q

physiological effects of the sympathetic pathway

A

pupils dilate, increased heart rate, sweating, increased blood sugar levels, increased blood flow to skin

35
Q

physiological effects of the parasympathetic pathways

A

pupils constrict, decreased heart rate, crying, erection, increased urine production, increase blood flow to digestive system

36
Q

what are special senses

A

refers to the groups of sensory receptors located within the specialised organs of the head and neck that respond to very particular types of external stimuli

37
Q

vision sensory receptors and where they are found

A

occurs via detection of light by light receptors called photoreceptors. photoreceptors are located in the retina of the eye. the 2 types of photoreceptors are

  • cones; provide high- acuity colour vision
  • rodes; allows peripheral vision.
38
Q

functions of eye structures

cornea, sclera, choroid, iris, lens, cilary body, retina

A

cornea- allowing light in and bending it
sclera- protection and muscle attachment
choriod- absorbs light and distributes blood supply
iris- controlling diameter of the pupil
lens- refracts light to focus it on retina
cilary body- holds the lens in place and alters the shape of the lens and produces aqueous humour
retina- containing the photoreceptors

39
Q

hearing receptors and where they are found

A

they are specialized hair cells, responding to mechanical stimuli that are in the cochlea of the inner ear.

40
Q

equilibrium receptors and where they are found

A

they are specialized mechanoreceptor hair cells found in the vestibule and semicircular canals (the inner ear)

41
Q

functions of ear structures

auricle, ear canal, ear drum, auditory ossicles, auditory tube, vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

A

auricle- collects and funnels sound waves
ear canal- transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane
ear drum- vibrates when hit by sound waves, transmitting vibrations to the ossicles
auditory ossicles- transmit vibrations to the inner ear
auditory tube- allow equalisation of pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane
vestibule- containing fluid and receptors for equilibrium
semicircular canals- fluid filled canals containing receptors for equilibrium
cochlea- fluid filled canal containing the receptors for hearing

42
Q

taste receptors and where they are found

A

taste occurs via the detection of dissolved chemicals in food or drink by gustatory chemoreceptors in taste buds. taste buds are located on the tongue, cheeks, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis.

43
Q

the taste buds consist of 3 types of cells

A

basal cells- stem cells which can differentiate into supporting cells
supporting cells- surround and support gustatory cells. they are the precursor to gustatory cells
gustatory cells- they contain microvilli that pick up chemicals dissolved in saliva which stimulate chemoreceptors on the cell

44
Q

what are the 5 basic taste sensations

A

sweet- sugars, alcohol and some amino acids
sour- acids
salty- metal ions
bitter- alkaloids, and some specific non alkaloids
umami- amino acids glutamate and aspartate

45
Q

what is the receptor for smell and where is it found

A

olfactory receptors a type of chemoreceptor found within the olfactory epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity.

46
Q

neurons of the sympathetic nervous system arise from the _____ region of the spinal cord while neurons from the parasympathetic nervous system arise from the _____ region. despite this, both divisions innervate the same viscera, but generally have the ____ effects on the viscera

A
  1. thoracolumbar
  2. craniosacral
  3. same
  4. opposite
47
Q

order the structure within a nerve from superficial to deep

A
  1. epineurium tissue
  2. perineurium tissue
  3. endoneurium tissue
  4. myelin
  5. axon

HUBS EXAM 2 (6 decks)

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