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HUBS EXAM 2 > nervous system CNS > Flashcards

nervous system CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the CNS

A

the central nervous system. it is composed of the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for the integrative functions of the nervous system.

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2
Q

what does the CNS do

A

it receives and processes information from the internal and external environment of the body, coordinating and controlling body activities in response
CNS controls integrative functions

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3
Q

how does the CNS carry out functions such as memory, learning, personality and intelligence

A

through communication networks of neurons within the brain and spinal cord and through the connection of nerve cells in these regions with nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system PNS

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4
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

the most dominating structure of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. the hemispheres are connected by a white matter tract called the corpus collosum which allows communication between the 2 hemispheres

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5
Q

what is the cerebrum covered in

A

bumps called gyri and grooves called sulci. they increase the surface area of the brain, allowing more neurons to be contained within the skull

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6
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

the outermost gray matter covering the cerebrum, forming the functional areas of the brain

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7
Q

what are the 3 functional areas of the brain

A

sensory areas, motor areas and association areas

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8
Q

what are sensory areas

A

they are areas responsible for conscious perception and interpretation of somatic senses, some of the visceral senses and the special senses

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9
Q

what are the motor areas

A

involved in deciding, planning and initiating somatic motor signals

  • pre frontal cortex- decide
  • pre motor cortex- plan
  • primary motor cortex- initiate
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10
Q

what are association areas

A

they are multimodal areas receiving input from multiple senses and sending output to multiple areas. they integrate (combine) motor, sensory and higher cognitive functions such as memory, learning and emotion to produce a response

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11
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex (sensory area) and where is it located

A

located on the parietal lobe. identifies location, type and intensity of somatic senses

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12
Q

what is the somatosensory association area and where is it located

A

located behind the primary somatosensory cortex within the parietal lobe. interprets details of somatic sensations using memory

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13
Q

visual cortex (special sense)

A

located in the occipital lobe. interprets visual signals from the eyes

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14
Q

auditory cortex (special sense)

A

located on the temporal lobe. interprets auditory signals from the ears for hearing

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15
Q

vestibular cortex (special sense)

A

located on the insula. interprets signals from the inner ear for balance

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16
Q

gustatory cortex (special sense)

A

loacted on the insula. interprets signals from the taste buds

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17
Q

olfactory cortex (special sense)

A

located on the the temporal lobe. interprets signals from the nose for smell.

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18
Q

visceral sensory cortex (special sense)

A

located on the insula. receives signals front the viscera of the body and provides conscious perception of visceral sensations e.g. an upset stomach

19
Q

what are motor areas and where are they located

A

located on the frontal lobe and is responsible for deciding, planning and initiating motor signals to be sent to skeletal muscles. all parts of the motor cortex communicate with each other

20
Q

primary motor cortex

A

located on the frontal lobe. initiates the movement by sending signals down the spinal cord towards skeletal muscle

21
Q

premotor cortex

A

located in the frontal lobe. planning of skeletal muscle movements

22
Q

brocas area

A

small cortical area within the premotor cortex of the left hemisphere. responsible for coordinating the movements of muscles related to speech

23
Q

frontal eye field

A

another small area within the motor cortex that controls the voluntary movements of the eye

24
Q

association area of the cortex

A

they are involved in sending and receiving input to and from the CNS and integrate (combines) motor and sensory functions as well as higher cognitive functions

25
Q

prefrontal cortex (association area) of cerebral cortex

A
  • responsible for deciding which skeletal muscle movements are required
  • deciding higher cognitive functions such as intelligence, cognition, recall and memory, reasoning and planning etc
26
Q

posterior association area of the cerebral cortex

A

recognition and interpretation of sensations and understanding of language

27
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • recieves input from numerous areas of the brain
  • help in the planning of motor movements
  • starting and stopping skeletal muscle movements
28
Q

thalamus

A

role in movement, role in emotions, relay station for incoming sensory information to cerebral cortex

29
Q

hypothalamus

A

autonomic NS control center, emotional response center, control of appetite and thirst, endocrine control center, thermoregulation, control of sleep-wake cycles

30
Q

limbic systems

A

regulating and interpreting emotional responses, emotional memory recall, assessment of danger

31
Q

brainstem gray and white matter

A

gray matter areas in the brainstem produce the autonomic behaviours for survival as-well as influencing some of the communication between other CNS areas.
The white matter is arranged into tracts that provide a pathway of communication between the spinal cord, cerebellum and higher brain centers.

32
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

located in the middle of the basal ganglia. it is divided into the thalamus and the hypothalamus

33
Q

brainstem (midbrain, medulla and pons) functions

A

midbrain- pain suppression and coordination of auditory and visual senses
medulla- regulation of respiratory functions, cardiac functions and other automatic actions (sneezing, coughing)
pons- major connections pathway to cerebellum

34
Q

what does the spinal cord do

A

it is a 2 way conduction system providing neuronal pathways to and from the brain. it is where synapses occur between neurons of the CNS and PNS and is the site for integration of involuntary reflexes below the head.

35
Q

what are the functional areas of the spinal cord

A

dorsal (back) horns-receive incoming sensory information of sensory neurons via peripheral nerves
ventral (front) horns- send motor signals out of the body structures via peripheral nerves

36
Q

what is the anatomy of the spinal cord

A

the gray matter forms a H shape with two posterior dorsal horns and two anterior ventral horns

37
Q

outline the protection of the CNS

A

they are surrounded by multiple tissue layers in order from superficial to deep

  1. bone
  2. dura mater
  3. arachnoid mater
  4. CSF
  5. pia mater
38
Q

what does bone and meninges do in the protection of the CNS

A

the brain is surrounded by cranial bones and the spinal cord is surrounded by the vertebrae. the meninges are 3 connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. they also protect blood vessels of the CNS and provide space for cerebrospinal fluid to form partitions in the fissures of the the brain.

39
Q

what does cerebrospinal fluid do in the protection of the CNS

A
  • it lines the spaces of the brain
  • ensures the protection of the CNS from mechanical shocks and vibrations
  • regulation of inter cranial pressure
40
Q

what part of the brain receives and processes somatic sensory impulses for touch, pain and temperature

A

parietal lobe

41
Q

what part of the brain processes and initiates motor signals

A

frontal lobe

42
Q

what part of the brain is the primary visual cortex on that allows the interpretation of colour and shape

A

occipital lobe

43
Q

what part of the brain receives impulses for smell

A

temporal lobe

HUBS EXAM 2 (6 decks)

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