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Anatomic Terminology > The Endocrinal System > Flashcards

The Endocrinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrinal system?

A

The endocrinal system is a collection of glands from around the body

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2
Q

What are glands responsible for?

A

Glands are responsible for manufacturing, storing and releasing at least 1 specific molecule called a ‘hormone’ (A “chemical messenger”)

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3
Q

What are hormones involved in?

A

Hormones are involved in regulating:

Metabolism

Growth

Reproductive function (inc. Pregnancy)

Body’s stress response

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4
Q

What processes do hormones control?

A

Hormones control processes that require duration of action (length) rather than speed of action which is provided by the nervous system.

e.g
Blood hormones levels must be controlled (within ‘normal range’) for homeostasis
Hormones are released into the blood stream and transported to cells distant from the source.

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5
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

The body’s physiological parameters are (and must be) kept relatively constant (within the “normal ranges”) despite opposing external influences:

“normal ranges”:

Temperature (36.8 C.)

Pulse (70bpm)

pH (7.4)

Arterial PO2 (>95%)

Blood Glucose (4-8mmol/L)

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6
Q

What are the homeostasis paramaeters necessary for and how is homeostasis maintained?

A

These conditions are necessary for normal cellular function (or else organs and tissues stop working properly)

Maintenance of homeostasis is by “negative feedback”
The activity of hormones is almost always controlled by negative feedback mechanisms

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7
Q

What are the Hormonal Secretion patterns?

A

Hormonal Secretion Patterns

Hormone A

Diurnal Secretion Pattern

Predictable over a 24-hour period

Hormone B

Constant secretion pattern

Maintenance of physiology function at all times

Hormone C

Episodic Secretion Pattern

-Reacts to a specific stimulus and less predictable.

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8
Q

how can the negative feedback mechanism be affected

A

The Target Cells sensitivity to the hormone may change

Tumour may be: “functioning” - too much hormone secreted.

Or non functioning - tumour destroys gland and too little hormone secreted

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9
Q

What can arise from hypersecretion/hyposecretion?

A

Clincal problems can arise from:

Hypersecretion of a hormone (too much)

Hyposecretion of a hormone (too little)

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10
Q

What endocrine glands exist in the body?

A

Head:

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Neck:

4 Parathyroid glands

Thyroid gland

Abdomen:

2 adrenal glands

Pancreas

Pelvis (female):

2 Ovaries

Perineum (male):

2 testes

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11
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Diencephalon forms the central core of the cerebrum with connections to the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain.

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12
Q

Where is the Diencephalon, hypothalamus and brainstem located?

A
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13
Q

What parts does the brainstem consist of?

A

Brainstem:

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

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14
Q

What is the pituitary gland divided into?

A

The pituitary gland is anatomically and functionally divided into the anterior pituitary and the posterior lobes

It lies in hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone.

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15
Q

What are Master glands?

A

They are hormones secreted from the pituitary control output of many other endocrine glands

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16
Q

What do the right and left temporal bone contain?

A

The right and left temporal bone contains organs of hearing and balance.

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17
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Function of the Posterior Pituitary Gland

Also called ‘neurohypophysis’

Continuation of the hypothalamus

Axons project down through infundibulum to posterior pituitary.

Manufactures two hormones:

Oxytocin

Ejection of breast Milk

Stimulates uterine contraction in childbirth

Social Bonding

Vasopressin (ADH or antidiuretic hormone)

Aid water retention

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18
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Two venous capillary beds joined by a portal vein.

19
Q

What is the functions of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

A

Step 1

Hypothalamic Neurons secrete either:

Releasing hormones

Stimulate the anterior pituitary to release its hormone(s) into the bloodstream

Release-inhibitory hormones

Prevent the anterior pituitary releasing hormone(s) into the bloodstream.

Step 2:

Anterior pituitary cells secrete either:

Growth hormones (GH)

Prolactin (Milk production)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

20
Q

What does the Thyroid gland manufacture and regulate?

A

Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid gland uses iodine to manufacture the 2 hormones:

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroxine (T4)

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and stimulate growth.

21
Q

What is the importance of Triiodothyronine, (T3)?

A

We cannot live without T3

Dietary lack of iodine is one cause of an enlarged (swollen) thyroid gland. An enlarged thyroid gland is called a “goitre”.

22
Q

What are the parts in the context of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands?

A

Epiglottis

Hyoid Bone

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartillage

Right + left lobe

Isthmus

Trachea

23
Q

What do parathyroid glands do and what are the features of PTH?

A

Parathyroid Glands manufacture and secrete parathyroid hormone

PTH controls the amount of calcium in blood and bone

PTH is not under pituitary control (the glands monitor blood CA++ and respond directly

24
Q

What does normal muscle and nerve function depend on?

A

Normal Muscle and nerve function depends on blood Ca++ levels being in the normal range.

There are left and right parathyroid glands.

25
Q

How is thyroid and parathyroid glands supplied with blood, and drained?

A

The Right inferior thyroid artery and left superior thyroid artery, alongside the aortic arch branches which provide blood for head, neck and upper limbs supply blood.

The right superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins join up with the superior vena cava

These veins drain blood from head neck and upper limbs.

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the Pancreas?

A

Pancreas

Not under the control of the pituitary gland

It has 2 anatomically and functionally distinct parts:

The endocrine pancreas manufactures various hormones:

Insulin is secreted into the blood in responose to islet of Langerhans cells

Islet of Langerhans cells - contain beta cells that produce insulin

The exocrine pancreas manufactures enzymes and secretes them via a duct system into the duodenum

27
Q

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 - failure to produce insulin

Type 2 - Target cells fail to respond to insulin.

28
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

Retroperitoneum

Overlying L1/L2 Vertebra

Posterior to stomach

Anterior to aorta and inferior vena cava

Between duodenum and spleen

29
Q

How is blood supplied to the pancreas?

A

Arterial blood supply from both:

Coeliac trunk

Superior mesentric artery

30
Q

How is blood drained from the pancreas?

A

Venous blood drains into both:

Splenic vein

Superior mesentric

Then into the portal vein

31
Q

Where is the adrenal glands located?

A

Adrenal Glands are located:

Retroperitoneal

Superior to kidneys

Separated from kidney by a fascial septum

32
Q

What anatomical and functional parts secrete hormones?

A

Adrenals cortex:

Glucocorticoids (under pituitary control)

Mineralocorticoids

Andorgens

Adrenal Medulla (fight or flight)

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

33
Q

What is the “fight” or “flight” response?

A

What is the “fight or flight” response?

Fear or serious illness or injury

I

Sympathetic division of the nervous system

I

The body’s organs and arterioles react in a “self-preservation” manner

I

The reaction includes stimulation of the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream.

34
Q

How is blood supplied to the adrenal glands?

A

The same arteries are present on the right side

Left superior suprarenal arteries

Left middle Suprarenal artery (branch of the aorta)

Left inferior suprarenal artery (branch of the renal artery)

35
Q

How is blood drained from the adrenal glands?

A

Blood is drained via the right and left suprarenal vein, which drains directly into the right and left renal vein respectively.

36
Q

What are gonads?

A

Gonads are the part/organ of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testicles)

37
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Testes

Located in the scrotum of the male perineum

Arterial supply (Testicular artery) from abdominal aorta

Secretes testosterone in response to luteinising hormone from the anterior pituitary

38
Q

What does testosterone control?

A

Testosterone controls:

Male secondary sex characteristics

Closure of epiphyseal growth plates

Stimulates sperm production

39
Q

What parts are in contact with the testes?

A

Gonadal artery and veins

Gonadal artery and veins

(testicular a. And v.)

Scrotum

40
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

Lies in pelvic cavity

Secretes oestrogen and progesterone in response to follicular stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy

41
Q

What does Oestrogen control?

A

Oestrogen controls:

Female secondary sex characteristics

Ovum Development

42
Q

What parts are involved in the ovaries?

A

Gonadal artery and veins (Ovarian a. And v.)

Uterus

Ovary

Broad ligament of the uterus - parietal peritoneum

43
Q

How is blood supplied to the gonads?

A

Blood is supplied to the gonads via the gonadal arteries (paired branches of the abdominal aorta)

44
Q

How is blood drained from the gonads?

A

Blood is drained via the:
Right gonad directly into the IVC (Inferior Vena Cava)

Left gonad into the left renal vein

Anatomic Terminology (6 decks)

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