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Anatomic Terminology > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract

A

The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous tube commencing at the oral cavity and ending at the anus.

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2
Q

What are the components of the Gastrointestinal tract?

A

The Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract:
Head: Oral Cavity, Pharynx
Neck: Pharynx, Oesophagus
Thorax: Oesophagus
Abdomen: Stomach, Small intestine, Large Intestine (most), Most accessory organs of GI tract.
Pelvis: Rectum
Perineum: Anal Canal, Anus

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3
Q

What are the functions of the gastrointestinal system?

A

The Functions of the Gastrointestinal System:
1. Introduce food into the body
2. Digest and absorb nutrients (and toxins)
3. Excrete residual waste out of the body

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4
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A

Oral Cavity:
* Sensing
* Salivation
* Chewing
* Initiating Swallowing

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5
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A
  • Defence against infection (tonsils)
  • Swallowing
  • Airway Protection
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6
Q

What are the functions of the Oesophagus?

A

Transit from Pharynx to Stomach

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7
Q

What are the functions of the stomach and small intestine?

A

Transit (movement of food and partially digested material)
Defence against infection (acid)
Digestion and absorption (accessory organs of GI tract)
The small intestine is attached to the body wall by mesentry and has three parts:
(proximal to distal)
* Duodenum
* Jejunum
* Ileum
The Jejunum and Ileum are both about 6-7m long.

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8
Q

What is the function of the large intestine, rectum and anus?

A

Transit
Reabsorption of H2O and electrolytes
Stool formation
Rectum and Anus, located at the end of large intestine:
Stool formation and storage
Waste excretion

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9
Q

What are the components of the oral cavity?

A

Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Teeth (Dentition)
Mandible
Tongue
Hyoid Bone
Muscle of the Floor of the mouth

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10
Q

What is the components of the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Arches of Soft Palate
Palatine Tonsil
Uvul
Tongue
Lower Dental Arch
Gingiva

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11
Q

What is mastication and what is it’s characteristics?

A

Mastication is the act of chewing
It is conducted by the movement of the jaw and tongue, to break down food.
It is controlled by the ‘muscles of mastication’.
Also facilitates taste and digestion by mixing food with Saliva.

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12
Q

How does mastication occur?

A

Movement of opening and closing the mouth occur by muscles acting on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to elevate and depress the mandible.
There are four muscles at each TMJ (3 close, 1 opens the mouth)
They are:
Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid

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13
Q

What does TMJ stand for?

A

The temporomandibular joint

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14
Q

What muscles work to close the mouth?

A

The Muscles which closes the mouth:
Temporalis, Masseter and Medial Pterygoid

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15
Q

What muscle works to open the mouth?

A

The Lateral Pterygoid

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the tongue?

A

The tongue has a posterior side and anterior side.
The posterior side consists of one third of the tongue and is the vertical part
The Anterior side consists of two thirds and is the horizontal part.

It has four different types of papillae (singular, Papilla)
Foliate Papillae
Circumvallate Papillae
Fungiform Papillae
All have taste buds

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17
Q

What are the features of the Filliform Papillae

A

Filliform Papillae exist at the tip of your tongue and are responsible for touch, temperature and pain.

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18
Q

What does the tongue do during mastication, speech and wallowing and what muscles does the tongue consist of?

A

The tongue moves around during mastication, speech and swallowing.
It consists of extrinsic muscles and intrinsic muscles.
Extrinsic refers to muscle away from the part it moves
Intrinsic refers to muscle that are contained within the part it moves

Extrinsic muscles
* Four pairs
* Attach tongue to bony skeleton

Intrinsic muscles
* Changes shape of the tongue

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19
Q

What characteristics does saliva have?

A

Saliva is 99% water, but is a solute to allow tasting to occur
Contains a lubricant (mucin) to aid swallowing and Speech and for keeping the mucosa moist
It is a buffer for plaque acids
Also contains antimicrobial elements
Amylase to begin Carbohydrate digestion

20
Q

What salivary glands does the tongue have?

A

The tongue has major glands and Minor Glands
Major Glands:
3 Bilateral Pairs:
- Parotid (‘near ear’)
- Submandibular ‘under mandible’
- Sublingual ‘under tongue’

Minor Glands:
- 1000s in oral mucosa
- Basal secretion (background and
continuous) to keep mouth moist

21
Q

What is saliva stimulated by?

A
  1. Thought, sight, smell of food or presence of food in the mouth.
  2. Painful oral conditions eg. teething or fractured mandible.
22
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the major salivary glands? Where does it secrete into?

A

Parotid Gland
* Parotid duct crosses face; secretes into buccal cavity by upper 2nd molar.
Submandibular Gland
* Submandibular duct enters floor of mouth; secretes via sublingual caruncle
Sublingual Gland
* Located in floor of mouth; secretes via several ducts superiorly

23
Q

What is the dashed red line in the image below and what can clogging/blockage of that feature cause?

A

DASHED RED LINE = DUCT
Duct clogging/blockage can cause swelling, due to back up of secretions

24
Q

Where can the muscles of facial expression be found and what do they cause?

A

Muscles of Facial Expression:
They lie between superficial fascia and facial skeleton.
Their contraction causes skin of the face to be pulled into expressions.

25
Q

What does the buccinator do?

A

Tenses the cheek
Aligns food between teeth

26
Q

What is the characteristics of the Orbicularis Oris?

A

Circular muscle surrounding the mouth
Lies within the lips
Prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing by closing lips

27
Q

What does the Pharynx consist of?

A

The Pharynx consists of 3 parts:
Nasopharynx – Posterior to nasal cavity, superior to soft palate
Oropharynx – Posterior to Oral Cavity, between soft palate and epiglottis
Laryngopharynx – Posterior to larynx, between epiglottis and oesophagus

28
Q

What is aspiration, Pulmonary aspiration and the two pathways involved?

A

Pulmonary Aspiration - accidentally inhaling an object or fluid into the airways.
Aspiration - the action or process of drawing breath.
There are two pathways:
Respiratory Tract Pathway
Gastrointestinal Tract Pathway

Oropharynx and part of laryngopharynx used in both pathways
Risk of aspirating material into respiratory tract

Raising of the larynx towards oesophagus reduces the chance of aspiration
If It does occur, then the cough reflex engages.

29
Q

What is the characteristics of the Oesophagus?

A

The Oesophagus is a muscular tube.
It transmits food + liquids from the pharynx to stomach
Through the oesophagus, there is a gradual transition of skeletal muscle proximally to smooth muscle.

30
Q

What is the abdominal cavity and peritoneum and how are they linked?

A

Peritoneum - a continuous serous membrane, which secretes lubricating peritoneal fluid into the peritoneal cavity.
It lines the abdominal cavity and invests viscera.
It has two continuous layers; visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum.

Visceral peritoneum invests an organ.
Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall.

31
Q

What is Peritonitis?

A

inflammation of peritoneum, caused by infection from surgery or trauma, can be life threatening.
Leads to ‘guarding’

Guarding - a voluntary contraction/stiffness of the abdominal wall musculature to avoid pain.

32
Q

What are the organs of the abdominal cavity and pelvis?

A

Organs of the abdominal cavity
* Terminal (distal) Oesophagus
* Liver
* Stomach
* Gall Bladder
* Pancreas
* Small Intestine
* Large Intestine

Pelvic Organs (of GI tract):
* Rectum
* Anal Canal
* Anus

33
Q

What is the mesentry?

A

Mesentry is a double layer of peritoneum which connects organs to body wall.
It allows passage of nerves, arteries and veins.

34
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of the pancreas?

A

It is the accessory organ of the GI tract
Lies in the curvature of the duodenum
Tail towards the spleen.

It has 2 functions:
Endocrine - releases hormones into blood
Exocrine - releases digestive enzymes into small intestine

35
Q

What is the function of the Gall bladder?

A

Gall bladder - stores and concentrates bile

36
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Liver:
* Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
* Detoxifies blood
* Bile production

37
Q

What are the parts of the billary system?

A
  • Gall Bladder
  • Cystic Duct
  • Common Hepatic Duct
  • Bile duct
  • Duodenum
  • Main Pancreatic Duct
38
Q

What does the billary system involve?

A

*Liver (largest abdominal organ)
* Gall bladder
* Biliary tree
* Duodenum

39
Q

What is important for the digestion of lipids?

A

The production and transportation of bile is important for digestion of lipids

40
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A
  • Transverse Colon
    • Ascending Colon
    • Descending Colon
    • Ileocaecal Junction
    • Caecum
    • Appendix
    • Sigmoid Colon
41
Q

What type of muscle is the muscular wall of the rectum and anal canal?

A

Muscular wall of the rectum and anal canal is smooth muscle
There is a sphincter around the anus formed from skeletal (voluntary) muscle.

42
Q

What are the 3 parts that the abdominal organs are divided into?

A
  • Foregut
    - Oesophagus to mid-duodenum
    - Liver + gall bladder
    - Spleen
    - 1/2 of pancreas
    • Midgut
      • Mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon
      • 1/2 of pancreas
    • Hindgut
      • Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal
43
Q

What are the three midline branches of the abdominal aorta in regards to arterial supply to the abdominal organs?

A

Three midline branches of the abdominal aorta:
Coeliac Trunk:
Foregut organs

Superior Mesentric Artery:
Midgut Organs

Inferior mesentric artery:
Hindgut Organs

44
Q

What veins are involved in the venous drainage of the gut?

A

Inferior Vena Cava
Hepatic Veins
Portal Veins (Formed by union of superior mesentric vein and splenic vein)
Splenic Vein (drains foregut)
Superior mesentric vein (drains midgut)
Inferior mesentric vein (drains hindgut via splenic vein)

45
Q

What venous systems are involved in the venous drainage of the gut?

A

Venous Systems
1. Portal Venous system
* Drains from absorptive parts of GI tract and associated organs to the liver via portal vein
* This blood is deoxygenated and nutrient-rich

2. System Venous System
* Drains deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart.
* Include blood from the liver via hepatic veins.
46
Q

How are nutrients absorbed from the GI tract?

A
  1. Food and liquid consumed
    1. Transported through GI tract
    2. Mainly absorbed by small intestine
    3. Taken up by portal system blood
    4. Received and processed by the liver
    5. Transported to the heart by systemic circulation
    6. Pumped round the body by the heart

Anatomic Terminology (6 decks)

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