the emancipation of the serfs study and context Flashcards
what was russias population in 1855
70mil
what percentage of the russian empire was russian in 1855
50%
what percentage of pop in 1855 were peasants
over 90%
what percentage of pop in 1855 were nobles
less than 1%
what was noble land ownership percentage in 1861
80%
why did the nobility have interest to support the tsar in 1855
because he gave them their land
why did peasants tolerate/support the tsar before 1855
they were uneducated and only information from the church, which taught that the tsar had divine right to rule, also peasants didn’t venture outside their villages and lived their little lives
what percent of peasants were domestic servants
7%
what percent of peasants were serfs
50%
what percent of population in 1855 were members of the orthodox church
70%
how big was the russian army in 1855
1.5 mil
biggest in europe
how long did peasant conscripts (soldiers) have to serve in the army for in 1855
25 years
what was peasant life expectancy in 1855
35
what percent of people lived in towns and cities over 100,000 in 1855
1.6%
how did russian dominance fall in pig iron production compared to britain
was top producer in 1800
by 1855 britain was making 10x russia
how much railway did russia and britain have in 1860, and what were their comparative sizes
russia 1600km
britain 15000km
russia 90x the size of britian
why was the russian navy inferior to france and britains in the crimean war
their ships ran on wind not steam
in which great exhibition did russia have no new industrial innovation to present
1851
what was russias gnp compared to britain
1/3 of britains
when did britain emancipate their serfs
1574
name some enlightened bureaucrats
milyutin brothers
party of st petersburg progress
name some enlightened members of the royal family
grand duke konstantin
catherine the great (1762-96)
when was the significant spike in peasant/serf uprisings
1857-59
how did the tsar acknowledge the risk of peasant uprisings
weekly report on mood of the peasantry from december 1857
during 1861 how many peasant disturbances were there
over 1000
one involved 10,000 peasants
where were free labourers significantly more productive than serfs and why was this significant
siberia, even though the land was much more difficult to farm because of the climate
what percentage of serfs were mortgaged by landowners as security for loans because of landowner poverty in 1859
66%
when was the emancipation of the serfs
1861
what were redemption payments
annual payments for 49 years to pay to buy the land they previously worked (the mir owned it until last payment)
how were landowners compensated for their loss of land
government bonds
when were state peasants given the same right to buy land
1866
how long was the transition period after emancipation
2 years
how much land on average did landowners retain compared to peasants
landowners 2/3
peasants only received 1/3
how many estates did the army have to restore order in after emancipation
over 300
what did peasants think of emancipation
didn’t like it, felt cheated, was a similar system they were just tied to the mir instead
what did nobles think of emancipation
unsatisfied, felt they weren’t compensated enough, many couldn’t afford to pay for labour
what did radical/liberal intelligentsia think of emancipation
felt it protected nobles and betrayed peasants - didn’t like it
when we’re the military reforms
1861-81
who was in charge of military reforms
dmitri milyutin
how was military conscription changed
all classes over 21
around 1/4 selected to serve
how was length of military service reformed
reduced to 15 years, 6 years in active service
9 in reserve
how did military reserves increase between 1862-70
210,000-550,000
how many military district commanders were introduced after reform
15
which writer criticised serfdom
turgenev
how much land did the average peasant have after emancipation
just under 4 hectares (not much)
