political authority 1855-94 Flashcards
what was the basic system in 1855
tsar had autocratic power
imperial council (nobility advisors)
a big bureaucracy across the massive empire that wasn’t really regulated
how many administrators were there in 1855
114,000
when were local government reforms
1864
what we’re introduced by local gov reforms
zemstva and provincial councils
what percent of zemstva were nobility
40%
what percent of provincial councils were nobility
70%
where were local governments introduced (how many provinces)
only russian majority provinces,
19/70 at the start, only 37/70 by 1914
how was the power of zemstva limited under alexander ii
nobility dominated, self interest, tax raising ability was limited and decisions could be vetoed by local governors
when were the judicial reforms
1864
whcih courts were open to the public and could be reported
civil and criminal
which courts were separate from the system
military
church
government officials
when were revolutionaries trialled separately
from 1870
what made nicholas i so repressive and autocratic
military uprising in 1825 when he came into power
when and how was censorship relaxed
1865
no more preventative censorship and freer speech
limitation of relaxed censorship
minister of the interior could still withdraw publications
when we’re education reforms
1863-64
what was the increase in primary schools between 1856-78
8000-25,000
how many students in primary school by 1878
1 million
what happened to secondary school pupil numbers in the 1860s
doubles
in what time period did half university professors leave their posts
1854-62
example of liberal professor
Pirogov
number of students 1865-99
4000-16,000
how did students become radicalised after education reforms
they had access to more ideas, but their protests were crushed by police leading to more frustration and radicalisation
how often were jps elected
every three years by the zemstva
when did alex ii tighten censorship
1870s
which conservative ministers did alex ii appoint
shuvalov head of third section
tolstoy minister of education
when did alex ii backtrack on his reforms
1870s
how were schools recontrolled in reactionary measures by alex ii
ministry inspectors in charge of appointing teachers and running schools rather than zemstva
orthodox church had greater control over curriculum
when was entrance to uni limited by alex ii and how
to higher gimnazii schools in 1871
when were govener generals introduced and what was their role
1879
emergency powers to prosecute political agitators in military courts
more arrests
