political authority 1855-94

Question 1

what was the basic system in 1855

Answer 1

tsar had autocratic power
imperial council (nobility advisors)
a big bureaucracy across the massive empire that wasn’t really regulated

Question 2

how many administrators were there in 1855

Answer 2

114,000

Question 3

when were local government reforms

Answer 3

1864

Question 4

what we’re introduced by local gov reforms

Answer 4

zemstva and provincial councils

Question 5

what percent of zemstva were nobility

Answer 5

40%

Question 6

what percent of provincial councils were nobility

Answer 6

70%

Question 7

where were local governments introduced (how many provinces)

Answer 7

only russian majority provinces,

19/70 at the start, only 37/70 by 1914

Question 8

how was the power of zemstva limited under alexander ii

Answer 8

nobility dominated, self interest, tax raising ability was limited and decisions could be vetoed by local governors

Question 9

when were the judicial reforms

Answer 9

1864

Question 10

whcih courts were open to the public and could be reported

Answer 10

civil and criminal

Question 11

which courts were separate from the system

Answer 11

military
church
government officials

Question 12

when were revolutionaries trialled separately

Answer 12

from 1870

Question 13

what made nicholas i so repressive and autocratic

Answer 13

military uprising in 1825 when he came into power

Question 14

when and how was censorship relaxed

Answer 14

1865
no more preventative censorship and freer speech

Question 15

limitation of relaxed censorship

Answer 15

minister of the interior could still withdraw publications

Question 16

when we’re education reforms

Answer 16

1863-64

Question 17

what was the increase in primary schools between 1856-78

Answer 17

8000-25,000

Question 18

how many students in primary school by 1878

Answer 18

1 million

Question 19

what happened to secondary school pupil numbers in the 1860s

Answer 19

doubles

Question 20

in what time period did half university professors leave their posts

Answer 20

1854-62

Question 21

example of liberal professor

Answer 21

Pirogov

Question 22

number of students 1865-99

Answer 22

4000-16,000

Question 23

how did students become radicalised after education reforms

Answer 23

they had access to more ideas, but their protests were crushed by police leading to more frustration and radicalisation

Question 24

how often were jps elected

Answer 24

every three years by the zemstva

Question 25

when did alex ii tighten censorship

Answer 25

1870s

Question 26

which conservative ministers did alex ii appoint

Answer 26

shuvalov head of third section
tolstoy minister of education

Question 27

when did alex ii backtrack on his reforms

Answer 27

1870s

Question 28

how were schools recontrolled in reactionary measures by alex ii

Answer 28

ministry inspectors in charge of appointing teachers and running schools rather than zemstva

orthodox church had greater control over curriculum

Question 29

when was entrance to uni limited by alex ii and how

Answer 29

to higher gimnazii schools in 1871

Question 30

when were govener generals introduced and what was their role

Answer 30

1879
emergency powers to prosecute political agitators in military courts

more arrests