alexander ii’s reforms Flashcards
what reform included JPs
JPs elected every three years by zemstva and we’re independent of political control
what were military colonies and what happened to them
where conscripts we’re forced to live - they were abandoned and better provisioning and medical care was provided
what newspaper reported on national trials
the russian courier
what did zemstvo do
improvements to: roads, health facilities, primary schools, street lighting, transport, water supply, drainage, etc. in their area
what was different about the new jury system and impact
more sympathetic so more were acquitted
how many new books were published in 1855
1050
how many new books were published in 1894
10681
what was the result of open courts
lawyers that criticised the regime emerged - intelligentsia
when were mass army education reforms that improved literacy
1870s-90s
what were the different courts
volost (peasant) local provincial and national
what were the reforms in universities
they could govern themselves and appoint their own staff
what were set up for non noble officer corps
military colleges
what was the change in attitude in courts
guilty until proven innocent —> innocent until proven guilty
when were women allowed to attend secondary school for non vocational education
1870
who did alexander ii pardon
the decemberists (tried to assassinate his dad)
when were town councils introduced and what were they called
1870 dumas
how many primary schools and children were there 1856
8000 schools and 400,000 children
how many primary schools and number of children were there in 1880
23,000 schools, 1 million children
what was conscription age raised to
21
what was the length of service in the military change
25 years to 15 years for active service 10
years for reserves
how did university numbers see a change
by the 1870s numbers increased from 3600 to 10,000
who was in charge of the schooling
zemstva instead of orthodox church
how many serfs were emancipated in 1861
21 million
how many state serfs were emancipated when
22million 1863
what percent of representatives did nobility and peasants make up of the zemstva
74% nobility
10% peasants
when were zemstva introduced
1864
how many provinces were zemstva in
37/70
when was better from above than below speech
1856
how many disturbances were there following the emancipation in 1861
over 1000
