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KINE 3575 > The Elbow > Flashcards

The Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

The elbow is a hinge joint

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2
Q

Introduction

What movement does the elbow joint allow?

A

Allows flexion, extension, pronation and supination to occur

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3
Q

Introduction

Bones of the elbow?

A

There are three long bones which meet in the middle portion of the arm, forming three separate joints which are held together by ligaments (Humeral-Radial and Ulnar and Radio-Ulnar Joints)

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4
Q

Introducion

Injuries that occur to this region (elbow)?

A
  • Muscular strains
  • Tendonitis (anterior, posterior, medial and lateral)
  • Bursitis
  • Neurological injury
  • Fractures
  • Dislocations
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5
Q

Observations

Term “cubital” refers to?

A

The term “cubital” makes reference to the elbow joint

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6
Q

Observations

“Cubital” - how are they observed? What do variances indicate?

A

During observation, “cubital” or carrying angles are observed bilaterally as variances may indicate injury or pathology

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7
Q

Observations

Cubital angles?

A

The normal cubital angle variation is 5 degrees in males and 10-15 degrees in females

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8
Q

Observations

Increase or decrease in these angles indicates?

A

Any increase or decrease in these angles when compared bilaterally may indicate certain conditions or injuries such as fracture or epiphyseal injury

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9
Q

Observations

Excessive cubital varus? When is it evident?

A

Excessive cubital varus is known as “gunstock deformity” and is evident post fracture (epiphyseal) or dislocation

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10
Q

Observations

What does the elbow look like extended?

A

With the elbow extended, the olecranon and medial and lateral epicondyles should line up and with the elbow extended to 90 degrees, these structures should form an isosceles triangle

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11
Q

Ligament Injury

Ligaments medially and laterally

A

Medially and laterally are the “collateral” ligaments

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12
Q

Ligament Injury

What do the “collateral” ligaments protect against? How are they tested?

A

Protect against a valgus and varus stress, and are tested in much the same way that they are injured

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13
Q

Ligament Injury

Annular ligament location and function

A

The annular ligament encircles the head of the radius and holds it to the radial notch and ulna

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14
Q

Ligament Injury

Sports that cause sprains to the collateral ligaments occur from?

A

Sprains of the collateral ligament of the elbow occur in contact sports such as wrestling, football and rugby as well as non-contact sports such as gymnastics

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15
Q

Ligament Injury

Ulnar or medial collateral shape and forms?

A

The ulnar or medial collateral ligament is a triangular shaped ligament which forms the roof of the cubital tunnel in the elbow

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16
Q

Ligament Injury

What travels in the cubital tunnel?

A

The ulnar nerve travels in this tunnel

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17
Q

Ligament Injury

Why is the collateral ligament the most frequently injured ligament? Why?

A

This is the most frequently injured ligament because a valgus stress is the most common force traumatically

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18
Q

UCL Tear/Reconstruction

Tears leading to medial elbow instability need?

A

Tears leading to medial elbow instability may need a surgical graft procedure where the ulnar collateral ligament is replaced with a tendon from elsewhere in the body

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19
Q

UCL Tear/Reconstruction

Name of this surgery?

A

This is known as “Tommy John Surgery” after the major league pitcher who was operated on in 1974 by Dr. Frank Jobe

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20
Q

UCL Tear/Reconstruction

“Tommy John Surgery” procedure?

A

Holes are drilled into the ulna and humerus and a new harvested tendon is inserted in a figure eight pattern

21
Q

UCL Tear/Reconstruction

“Tommy John Surgery” recovery?

A

A 2010 study noted that the recovery rate was 90%

22
Q

Muscle/Tendon Injuries of the Elbow

Muscles/tendons surrounding the joint may be involved in? How are they assessed?

A

Any one of these may be involved in a tendonitis or a strain and are assessed through muscle testing

23
Q

Muscle/Tendon Injuries of the Elbow

Anterior muscles

A

Biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis

24
Q

Muscle/Tendon Injuries of the Elbow

Posterior muscles

A

Triceps muscles

25
Q

Muscle/Tendon Injuries of the Elbow

Medial muscles

A

Flexor/pronator muscles

26
Q

Muscle/Tendon Injuries of the Elbow

Lateral muscles

A

Extensor/supinator muscles

27
Q

Muscle/Tendon Injuries of the Elbow

Anterior muscle testing

A
  • Biceps tested in mid range as well “corkscrew test”
  • Brachialis tested with arm straight
28
Q

Medial Epicondylitis

What is medial epicondylitis?

A

Medial epicondylitis is a common medial elbow condition which involves inflammation of the common flexor pronator muscle group on or near the insertion on the medial epicondyle of the humerus

29
Q

Medial Epicondylitis

Names for the condition?

A

Medial epicondylitis has a number of different names including Golfer’s and Pitcher’s elbow

30
Q

Medial Epicondylitis

Muscle group effected in?

A

This muscle group is effected in throwing sports such as baseball (pitching), golf, javelin and gymnastics

31
Q

Medial Epicondylitis

What does a repetitive stress cause?

A

A repetitive stress causes pain, microtearing and inflammation resulting in tendonitis and muscle weakness

32
Q

Medial Epicondylitis

What may also be involved?

A

Due to the proximity of the cubital tunnel, the ulnar nerve may also be involved

33
Q

Medial Epicondylitis

Symptoms?

A

There is localized tenderness as well as weakness with resisted wrist flexion and pronation

34
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

What is it?

A

Lateral epicondylitis or “tennis elbow” is a lesion affecting the common tendon origin of the lateral extensor, supinator muscle group

35
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

Repetitive use causes?

A

Repetitive use causes microtearing, swelling, pain and degeneranative changes in the tendon

36
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

What can also be affected?

A

The periosteum can also be affected

37
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

This injury affects? Most frequently involved tendon?

A

This injury affects the common tendon of the extensor/supinator muscle group with the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon being the most frequently involved tendon

38
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

Who does this injury affect?

A

Lateral epicondylitis affects both sexes equally and is frequently seen after age 20 in both an athletic and non-athletic population

39
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

Non-athletic population - causes?

A
  • Overuse/overstress
  • Repetitive hammering
  • Stirring
  • Painting
40
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

Athletic population - causes?

A
  • Sporting activities using wrist extension and supination
  • Inadequate power, flexibility or endurance
  • Involves the novice tennis player
  • Poor stroke mechanics, using arm instead of body
  • Equipment
  • Racquet Stringing
41
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

Assessment - Subjective

A
  • History - any changes in equipment, technique, etc.
  • Pain with movements involving wrist extension
42
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis

Assessment - Objective

A
  • Weakness with active and resistive wrist extension and supination movement
  • Palpation
43
Q

Olecranon Bursitis

Also known as?

A

Olecranon bursitis is also known as “student’s elbow”, “popeye elbow” or “baker’s elbow”

44
Q

Olecranon Bursitis

What is this condition?

A

This condition is an irritation of the olecranon bursa found at the posterior elbow region

45
Q

Olecranon Bursitis

This injury can occur due to?

A

This injury can occur due to a hard blow to the tip of the elbow or repeated leaning on a hard surface

46
Q

Traumatic Elbow Injuries

Traumatic injuries to the elbow joint involve?

A

Traumatic injuries to the elbow joint may involve:
* Dislocations
* Boney
* Soft tissue
* Neurovascular

47
Q

Traumatic Elbow Injuries

Concerns?

A

One concern, especially with dislocations and fractures is the proximity of the brachial artery and the three peripheral nerves crossing the elbow joint

48
Q

Traumatic Elbow Injuries

Common traumatic injury?

A

Elbow fractures and dislocations are a common traumatic injury, especially in children

49
Q

Traumatic Elbow Injuries

Common complication?

A

One common vascular complication from traumatic elbow injury is known as “Volkmann’s Ischemic Contracture”

KINE 3575 (7 decks)

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