The Effects Of Exercise And Sports Performance On The Energy Systems

Question 1

The role of ATP in exercise

Answer 1

• energy is required in order to make the muscle fibres contract
• this energy is obtained from foods such as carbohydrates, fats and protein
• ATP is the only molecule that can supply the energy used in the contraction of muscle fibres
• ATP consists of a base (adenine)
• ATP works like a rechargeable battery

Question 2

The ATP-PC (alactic) system

Answer 2

• Requires no oxygen
• a muscle cell only has enough ATP which can be used immediately to last for about 3 seconds
• To replenish ATP quickly, muscle cells contain creatine phosphate. When the high-energy bond in PCr is broken, the energy it releases is transferred to ADP to rest the side ATP.
• Lasts for 10 seconds
• 1:1 ratio

Question 3

The lactate system

Answer 3

• Short-term energy system. E.g during a 400-metre race
• Anaerobic process that does not require oxygen
• Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles
• ATP is made by the breakdown of glucose and glycogen through the process Anaerobic glycolysis.
• Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactic acid as a by-product which causes fatigue if it is not removed.
• 8 minutes will aid the removal of lactic acid

Question 4

Aerobic system 3 Stages?

Answer 4

1) Aerobic glycolysis
2) Krebs Cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain

Question 5

The Aerobic energy system

Answer 5

• Long-term energy system
• Aerobic energy production occurs in the mitochondria of the muscle cells.
• Relies on the breakdown of carbohydrates and fats to produce energy
• Production of energy is slow because it takes a few minutes for the heart to deliver oxygenated blood to working muscles.
• Long continuous and moderate exercise, produces energy using this system.

Question 6

Aerobic glycolysis

Answer 6

• This is the first stage of aerobic metabolism (the breakdown of foods into energy).
• It converts carbohydrates into pyruvic acid using oxygen.
• The process produces 2 molecules of ATP

Question 7

Krebs Cycle/citric acid cycle

Answer 7

-Takes place in the mitochondria
- Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and is converted to citric acid.
- This results in 2 molecules being produced
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