THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS OF RUSSIA TO 1914

Question 1

from the mid 1890’s, Russias economy underwent a major…?

Answer 1

transformation.

Question 2

who was the finance minister from 1892-1903?

Answer 2

Witte.

Question 3

witte - railway trackage almost …?

Answer 3

doubled.

Question 4

witte - coal output in southern russia nearly ..?

Answer 4

quadrupled.

Question 5

witte - a new ….. was introduced, backed by the value of gold to strengthen it?

Answer 5

rouble (currency).

Question 6

witte - foreign investment …?

Answer 6

soared.

Question 7

even after witte, the state remained directly involved in ……….. ……. to 1914?

Answer 7

economic growth.

Question 8

by early 20th century (1900’s) the state controlled …% of Russias railways and held extensive holdings in heavy industries?

Answer 8

70%.

Question 9

from 1903-13, the govt received more than 25% of its income from its ……. …….?

Answer 9

industrial investments.

Question 10

give two things the capital from industrial investments was used for?

Answer 10

1. fund public works.
2. develop Russias infrastructure.

Question 11

what is capital?

Answer 11

money or resources used to invest in industry or business.

Question 12

from 1894-1913, Russias annual growth rate was more than ….% per annum?

Answer 12

8%.

Question 13

the state bought out …………….. and extended lines?

Answer 13

smaller private railway companies.

Question 14

my shortening of railway building programme?

Answer 14

RBP.

Question 15

RBP - helped open up the Russian ….?

Answer 15

interior.

Question 16

RBP - helped link grain growing areas to the ….?

Answer 16

Black Sea ports.

Question 17

RBP - stimulated the development of the …. and …… industries?

Answer 17

iron and coal.

Question 18

RBP - caused a decrease in …?

Answer 18

transport costs.

Question 19

RBP - what raised funds for the government?

Answer 19

freight charges and passenger fares.

Question 20

by 1913, russia had the ………….. railway network in the world?

Answer 20

second largest.

Question 21

who wanted to increase heavy goods production instead of textiles?

Answer 21

witte.

Question 22

how did witte increase heavy goods production?

Answer 22

concentrated production in key areas and developed large factory units of over 1000 workers or so.

Question 23

when did the pattern of increasing heavy goods production increase till?

Answer 23

1914.

Question 24

by 1914, russia was the world fourth largest producer of …. ……… ……..?

Answer 24

coal, pig iron and steel.

Question 25

Russian oil production ..... from 1885 to 1913?

Answer 25

trebled.

Question 26

russia became able to compete with the .... on the international market?

Answer 26

USA.

Question 27

Russia becomes the worlds .... - ...... oil producer and ...... in gold mining?

Answer 27

second - biggest / fourth.

Question 28

by 1914, russia was the worlds ..... largest industrial power?

Answer 28

fifth.

Question 29

the rural economy provided a livelihood for ...% to ...% of the population?

Answer 29

80-90%.

Question 30

however, when was the rural economy ignored till?

Answer 30

1906 - when stolypin was appointed minister for internal affairs.

Question 31

before 1906, most farming had remained .....?

Answer 31

small scale.

Question 32

the peasants were still ...........?

Answer 32

tied to their local mir.

Question 33

did the peasants still have to pay redemption dues?

Answer 33

YES.

Question 34

why were peasants still getting little amounts off and inheritance?

Answer 34

estates continued to be subdivided by the mir.

Question 35

agricultural practices and tools were still ....?

Answer 35

traditional.

Question 36

however, who had been doing extremely well since emancipation?

Answer 36

the richer peasants - kulaks.

Question 37

stolypin aimed to produce more ...?

Answer 37

kulaks.

Question 38

2 reasons stolypin wanted more kulaks?

Answer 38

1. to maintain loyalty to tsarist regime. 2. to develop the economy.

Question 39

what did stolypin want individual peasants to do?

Answer 39

own their land - holding it on piece.

Question 40

stolypin believed peasants should be able to ....?

Answer 40

develop their land as they wanted.

Question 41

so in terms of the mir, what happened in 1903?

Answer 41

the mir ceased to be responsible for paying taxes on behalf of the peasants.

Question 42

what did stolypin do in 1906?

Answer 42

introduced a series of laws to reform agriculture.

Question 43

shortening of stolypin land reforms?

Answer 43

SLR.

Question 44

SLR - more state and crown land was available for ....?

Answer 44

peasants to buy.

Question 45

SLR - peasants were granted equal rights in their .......?

Answer 45

local administration.

Question 46

SLR - peasants could .......?

Answer 46

leave the mir.

Question 47

SLR - what happened to redemption payments in 1907?

Answer 47

abolished.

Question 48

+ of SLR - larger farms were developed as....?

Answer 48

land was transferred and poorer peasants sold out to the more prosperous ones.

Question 49

+ of SLR - grain production rose annually, by 1909, russia was the world .......?

Answer 49

leading cereal exporter.

Question 50

+ of SLR - kulaks prospered and became a.......?

Answer 50

rural elite.

Question 51

- of SLR - changes in the land arraignments took ...?

Answer 51

a long time to process.

Question 52

- of SLR - by 1914, only around ...% of land had been transferred from communal to private ownership?

Answer 52

10%.

Question 53

- of SLR - probably fewer than ..% achieved kulak status?

Answer 53

1%.