ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

Question 1

industrialisation in Russia was largely driven by the …?

Answer 1

state.

Question 2

who was the finance of minister from 1862-78?

Answer 2

Von ruetern.

Question 3

what did Von Reutern do?

Answer 3

produced a series of reforms to boost the economy and drive industrial growth.

Question 4

von - tax farming was ..?

Answer 4

abolished.

Question 5

von - set up a state bank in /…?

Answer 5

1860.

Question 6

von - when were import duties (tariffs) reduced to promote trade?

Answer 6

1863.

Question 7

von - govt support was offered for development of the …?

Answer 7

cotton and mining industries.

Question 8

strengths of von reform - encouraged …?

Answer 8

investment and enterprise.

Question 9

strengths of von reform - the …… expanded markedly?

Answer 9

railway network.

Question 10

strengths of von reform - textiles still dominant one but what other industries took place?

Answer 10

coal/oil extraction + iron mining/working.

Question 11

strengths of von reform - annual avg growth rate of ….?

Answer 11

6%.

Question 12

limits of von reform - Russias economy remained …?

Answer 12

comparatively weak to Western Europe.

Question 13

limits of von reform - 1/3 of all govt expenditure went on ..?

Answer 13

repayment of debts.

Question 14

limits of von reform - the Russian currency (rouble) remained ….?

Answer 14

unstable.

Question 15

limits of von reform - the peasantry was still …. and domestic market …?

Answer 15

poor and small.

Question 16

who was finance minister after Von Ruetern?

Answer 16

Vyshnedgradsky.

Question 17

what years was Vysh finance minister for?

Answer 17

1887-92.

Question 18

what were Vysh’s three main aims?

Answer 18

1. raise capital.
2. reduce the budget deficit.
3. boost home production.

Question 19

vysh - introduced a high tariff of … of the value of imported raw materials?

Answer 19

30%.

Question 20

vysh - negotiated loans and increased ….?

Answer 20

indirect taxes.

Question 21

vysh - between 1881-91 grain exports increased by ….?

Answer 21

18%.

Question 22

vysh - by 1982 - Russian budget was in ..?

Answer 22

surplus.

Question 23

vysh - why did the peasants suffer badly from the budget being in surplus?

Answer 23

they had to pay their taxes and give their grain to the state.

Question 24

why was Vysh dismissed in 1892?

Answer 24

after the famine - peasants were left with nothing and thousands died - didn’t rlly do anything about it.

Question 25

who was finance minister after 1892 and till when?

Answer 25

Witte - 1892-1903.

Question 26

Witte - maintained protective tariffs heavy taxation and forced...?

Answer 26

exports.

Question 27

Witte - encouraged engineers, managers and workers from Western Europe to..?

Answer 27

oversee industrial developments + advise on planning and techniques.

Question 28

Witte - presided a huge increase in ...?

Answer 28

foreign investment.

Question 29

by 1897 - russia was the world 4th largest ..?

Answer 29

industrial economy.

Question 30

although it was doing well - it mainly just exported ..?

Answer 30

grain rather than industrial goods.

Question 31

did agriculture change much following emancipation?

Answer 31

NOPE.

Question 32

after emancipation, grain production..?

Answer 32

remind low compared to Western Europe.

Question 33

what did the govt establish in 1883 and 1885?

Answer 33

land bank for peasants (1883) and nobles (1885).

Question 34

did the peasants get many benefits from the land banks?

Answer 34

not rlly - limited.

Question 35

what happened as industrialisation spread?

Answer 35

society moved towards a society more focused on money, capital and wages.

Question 36

what two things began to emerge in society?

Answer 36

new middle class and urban working class.

Question 37

what were the landed elite before?

Answer 37

former serf owners.

Question 38

the landed elite were mostly of ... status?

Answer 38

noble.

Question 39

landed elite were mostly likely to be employed in ...?

Answer 39

1. professors. 2. business and commerce. 3. zemstva/provincial governorships.

Question 40

the middle class were ... ?

Answer 40

increasingly growing.

Question 41

the urban working class were around ...% of the population by the 1890's?

Answer 41

2%.

Question 42

what did some urban working peasants do?

Answer 42

worked in towns temporarily and returned to villages at peak farming times.

Question 43

urban working - by 1864, ... in 3 inhabitants of st Petersburg were peasants by birth?

Answer 43

1 in 3.

Question 44

kulaks did ... out of emancipation?

Answer 44

well.

Question 45

poorer peasants .... after emancipation?

Answer 45

suffered more.

Question 46

poorer peasant had ... living standards?

Answer 46

still quite bad.

Question 47

russia was a strongly ...... state?

Answer 47

orthodox.

Question 48

how much of the population were orthodox believers?

Answer 48

around 70%.

Question 49

who also possessed strict censorship controls?

Answer 49

the church.

Question 50

what year were reforms introduced to improve the education of priests?

Answer 50

1868.

Question 51

under Alex III, who was given increased control over primary education?

Answer 51

the church.

Question 52

what did the Russification policy promote?

Answer 52

increased orthodoxy throughout the empire.

Question 53

evidence for decline of influence of the church?

Answer 53

countryside - more interested in superstition.

Question 54

who wanted to regenerate the church and reform its relations?

Answer 54

some liberal clergy.

Question 55

did these reforms to the church happen or no?

Answer 55

NOPE - pobedonostev decided against it/other senior conservatives.

Question 56

what did Russification make an offence?

Answer 56

to convert from orthodox faith or to publish criticisms of it.