The Dreaded AP Exam TERMS Review *screams internally* Flashcards
Studying for the AP Euro exam in a few days? Here's all of the TERMS you shoud know. After you're done memorizing terms, check out actual history on the second deck to learn about the sequence of events, causes and effects of them! Good luck... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THs1OuIbbjI - Listen to this song to remember the skeletal outline of European History!
Hundred Years War
(1337-1453) England VS France for control of French throne.
Black Death
(1348-1350) Disease that wiped out millions of Europe’s population.
Conciliar Movement
Theory from the church: Church authority > Pope
War of the Roses
(1455-1485) struggle for English throne. House of York (white rose) VS House of Lancaster (red rose)
Court of the Star Chamber
Court place where Henry Tudor (Henry VII) was the judge and had control against the nobles.
Holy Roman Emperor
Princes that were elected emperor in Germany.
Reichstag
Legislative power in Germany.
city-states
Power on the Italian peninsula.
Inquisition
Enforced Christianity on those not christian enough in Spain. (Established by Isabella and Ferdinand)
spice trade
selling of spices imported from India that were used to preserve and flavor food during the age of Exploration and discovery
Henry the Navigator
SPONSORED Portuguese exploration of the African course. (Just sponsored it, guys. He didn’t actually navigate anything.)
Bartholomew Dias
rounded the southern tip of Africa opening Portuguese trade routes in the East
Vasco da Gama
extended Portuguese trade by reaching coast of India
Amerigo Vespucci
showed that land discovered by Columbus was a new continent (named America) (hint: Amerigo is pretty close to “America”)
Ferdinand Magellan
sailed west in search of a new route to the Spice Islands
Hernan Cortes
landed on Aztec (which is now Mexico)
New Spain
Aztecs were defeated and the empire was claimed New Spain
Francisco Pizarro
landed on Inca (which is now Peru)
haciendas
large estates on Spain that produced food and goods for the New World
plantations
In west Indies that produced sugar (biggest cash crop) for export and trade.
guilds
Government protected monopolies called guilds that controlled trades.
Medici
Powerful banking family in Florence ($$$)
doge
Military strongman that controlled city states in Venice
humanism
study of human potential.
Petrarch
“Father of Humanism”
Boccaccio
Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology
Pico della Mirandola
Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man. (Argued that God gave people potential, and it was their duty to fulfill that.)
Castiglione
Wrote the Book of the Courtier (about how you should behave in court)
Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince (about what doing what you need to get done in order to be a powerful ruler). He was ruthless and mean.
Neoplatism
by Plato. Be the best you can be to be closer to god.
Lorenzo de Medici
leader of the Medici family from 1469-1492. He was the one that hired artists during the Renaissance.
Pope Julius II
Hired artists that constructed St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
frescos
painted by Giotto depicting human characters in realistic detail.
Andreas Vesalius
studied human anatomy. Dissected humans and wrote about it.
Nicolas Copernicus
Believer that sun was the center of the universe, not the Earth like everyone else believed.
Treaty of Lodi
Internal balance of power. Brought Milan, Naples, and Florence into an alliance to check the power of Venice and the Papal states.
Johann Gutenberg
Gutenberg’s printing press spread the ideas of the renaissance.
Erasmus
Loyal to church little reform.
Thomas Moore
wrote about a utopia
papal states
kingdom that encompassed much of the center portion of the italian peninsula.
95 Theses
propositions that were opposed to the practice of the Church. Nailed on the Wittenberg church by Luther.
German Peasants’ War
revolt of the peasants during the reformation against the church.
Peace of Augsburg
“he who rules; his religion” Allowed German princes to choose religion for each state
Huguenots
French Protestants
Edict of Nantes
(1598) established the principle of religious toleration in France. (revoked in 1685)
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.
assassinations against Huguenots during French wars of religion.
Anglican Church
Religion created by Henry VIII in England because the pope would not let him divorce his wife.
Edward VI
son of Henry VIII. Took over reign in England after his father died.
Mary I
AKA “Bloody Mary”- took over reign in England after Edward VI died. Forced England to be Catholic again. (FORCED, hence why she’s BLOODY Mary)
Elizabeth I
Took over reign in England after Mary I. More tolerant of religion in England. Predominantly Anglican, but she allowed them to be catholic if they wanted.
predestination
belief of Calvin/Calvinism. There was nothing you could do about heaven or hell, you were either the chosen one or you weren’t.
John Knox
leader of Protestant Reformation. Founder of Presbyterian church in Scotland.
Anabaptists
First and largest group of radical reformers of the church. (believed in adult baptism. separation of church and state.)
Ignatius Loyola
Created Jesuits (society of Jesus). converted to Catholicism.
Council of Trent
Defeat of Protestants in the 30 years war
King Gustavus Adolphus
led Sweden during the 30 years war.
30 Years War
(1618-1648) Protestants VS Catholics. Political rivalries of France, Sweden, and Denmark opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
Peace of Westphalia
Ended 30 years war. Recognized independence of Dutch republic.
English Parliament
Assembly of the elite who advised the king.
James Stuart
reigning king of Scotland (James VI) agreed to take the throne of England as James I.
absolute monarchs
monarchs appointed by God
Charles I
James I’s son that married a catholic king’s sister.
English Civil War
(1643-1646) Parliament VS Charles I (monarch)
Commonwalth
(649-1660) Protestant dictatorship under the rule of Oliver Cromwell.
Glorious Revolution
(1688) Uprisings that led to the expulsion of James II. And established William II with Mary II as joint monarchs.
constitutional monarchy
system which the monarch in Britain rules within the laws passed by a legislative body. (so not an ABSOLUTE monarchy)
intendent
administrative bureaucrat who owed his position and loyalty to Richelieu.
Louis XVI
AKA “the Sun King”. King of France (1643-1715)
Romanov Tsars
gained power by buying the loyalty of nobles. In return, nobles had control of people below them.
revolts of the Cossacks
1660s and early 1670s. Revolts by small landholders and peasants angered by their loss of wealth and rights under Tsars’ power.
baroque art
Art by the Church in response to the Reformation. Focused on religious themes.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Most famous baroque artist that designed St. Theresa in Ecstasy.
geocentric
Earth centered universe (wrong)
heliocentric
Sun centered universe (correct)
Johannes Kepler
Used math to justify Copernicus’ theory. Created Kepler’s laws.
Galileo Galilei
Emphasized the need for reason in observations and math. “invented” the telescope (just made the best one)
Francis Bacon
English philosopher. Inductive reasoning in observations.
Rene Descartes
deductive reasoning. “I think, therefore I am.” (realized he was thinking, and if he was thinking, he must really exist)
Isaac Newton
supplied explanation of cosmos with math and physics. Laws of gravity.
The Enlightenment
18th century cultural movement where people argued that society and laws should be based on human reason rather than tradition.
John Locke
Most typical Enlightenment thoughts about human nature. Humans are born neutral. Wrote his Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Contradicted Christian beliefs.
philosophes
18th century hipsters. Tried to educate powerful rulers (enlightened despots).
Thomas Hobbes
Believed people were selfish. Wrote the Leviathan basically trashing people for being selfish.
tabula rasa
a blank slate. (Locke’s belief)
Adam Smith
Enlightenment beliefs in economics. Capitalism was the best. Wrote Wealth of Nations.
laissez-faire
economic policy where government would not intervene
Mary Wollstonecraft
English philosophe. Published the Vindication of the Rights of Women. Argued that women were not inferior to men. Morals were in all humans.
Cesare Beccaria
Wrote Crime and Punishment-said that the purpose of punishment should rehab the criminal back into society. (Disagreed with death penalty)
Baron de Montesquieu
French aristocrat and judge who expanded on Locke’s government theory. Split government into branches.
Thomas Jefferson
Argued gov’ was obliged to guarantee citizens the rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Fredrick II (the Great) of Prussia
(enlightened despot)- abolished serfdom, religious toleration, attracted french protestants.
Joseph II of Austria
(enlightened despot)- religious toleration for Lutherans and Calvinists, abolished serfdom, freedom of press.
Catherine II (the Great) of Russia
(enlightened despot)- befriended Voltaire and Diderot. Studied reform but flaked. Remained absolutist.
salons
flourished in Paris during the Enlightenment. Room where aristocratic and upper class women where BOTH men and women gathered to educate themselves of new ideas.
deism
Religion where people believe that God created the universe, but then stepped back for people to exist by themselves.
David Hume
Scottish philosopher criticized Christianity and deism.
Voltaire
skeptic of the Enlightenment. Criticized French monarchy, aristocracy, and church.
Madame du Chatelet
translated Newton’s Principia into french.
Carl Linnaeus
Swedish Botanist that created the animal kingdoms.
Rococo art
Artistic style that reflected on the 18th century.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
argued that humans were born essentially good but were easily corrupted by society.
The Social Contract
(1762) written by Rousseau. “Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.”
Triangle of Trade
system of trade routes that traded in Britain and France. Included: manufactured goods (gun, gin), slaves, and raw materials (fur, timber, tobacco, rice, cotton, sugar, etc.)
the Middle Passage
name of trade ships that transported African slaves across the Atlantic on European.
putting-out system
Merchants went to the countryside and gave peasants work to do. At the end of the month, they would receive the finished product and paid the peasants.
John Kay
(1733) invented the flying shuttle that doubled the speed at which cloth could be woven. It produced greater amounts of thread faster.
James Hargreaves
(1760s) invented the spinning jenny. Increased amount of thread a single spinner could produce from cotton.
American Eli Whitney
(1793) invented the cotton gin which efficiently removed seed from raw cotton.
Frederick William I (of Prussia)
built a strong centralized government where military under the command of nobles was important
Frederick II (the Great of Prussia)
Fred I’s successor. Used Prussia’s military to extend Prussia into lands controlled by Hapsburgs.
War of Austrian Succession
(1740-1748) Fred II of Prussia (Prussia, France, Spain, Saxons, and Bavarians) vs Maria Theresa (Austria and Hungary). A stand off.
Peter the Great
modernized and centralized Russia.
bourgeoisie
merchant class (also including manufacturers, bankers, lawyers, and master craftsmen) that attempted to gain power.
Thermidor
(1794-1799)- end phase of French revolution. Concentrated on restoring order to France.
the Directory
Thermidorian government that totally depended on the military.
Ancien Regime (AKA Old Regime)
refers to the traditional social and political hierarchy of 18th century France. Composed of 3 estates.
First Estate
made up of clergy (church members) in France
Second Estate
made up of nobility (included all titled aristocrats) in France
Third Estate
made up of common people in france. (96% of the population of france)
peasantry
included all agricultural laborers (from successful to poor)
National Assembly
Third Estate arguing that they were the voice of the nation. (Basically name of the 3rd estate that decided to fight back against the french government)
Tennis Court Oath
oath that the National Assembly made saying they would stick together until a new constitution would be written for France.
Storming of the Bastille
National Assembly marched to the Bastille for guns and ammunition. 98 died. 73 wounded.
the Great Fear
fear that swept the peasants that the weakened nobility would seek revenge.
August Decrees
Assembly passed these decrees that said most privileges of the nobility/clergy were abolished.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
document the Assembly adopted stating all individual rights and liberties citizens have.
March to Versailles
Women marching to protest against high bread prices and unemployment in Paris.
the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
piece of legislation that turned clergymen into employees of the government and turned Church property into property of the state.
flight to Varennes
King attempted to flee Paris during the French revolution. He was caught and forced to go back to Paris. Never won back trust of people of Paris.
National Convention
Convention created by leaders of the Assembly to deal with the crises facing France.
Girondins
1st split of the National Convention- members included wealthy bourgeoisie who were opposed to executing XVI
Jacobins
2nd split of the National Convention- members included the lower end of the bourgeoisie and were for Louis XVI dying.
Committee of Public Safety
National Convention created it and gave it total power in order to protect the French Republic from enemies.
Robespierre
leader after Louis XVI in France during the French Revolution. Jacobins supported him as well as the sans-culottes.
Neoclassicism
art in the 18th century where subjects conveyed messages of social sacrifice and political courage. Based on classics of Greek and Rome.
coup d’etat
forceful gaining of power
the consulate
three man executive body created by Napoleon.
Napoleonic Code
uniform law and administrative policy by Napoleon. (safeguarded property, upheld equality before the law, right to choose a profession, guaranteed promotion for employees, etc.)
Battle of Trafalgar
(1805) France failed to conquer Great Britain because of their awesome navy.
Continental System
Created by Napoleon to try to weaken Britain. European States/kingdoms under France control were forbidden to trade with Britain.
Battle of Waterloo
Battle where Napoleon was defeated in Belgium.
Congress of Vienna
GB, Russia, Prussia, and Austria met in Paris to retrieve all of their things lost during the French Revolution because of Napoleon.
Concert of Europe
military alliance to secure the balance of power created by the Congress of Vienna
July Ordinances
(1830) issued by French Monarch (Charles X). dissolved part of the legislative branch of the government and revoked voting rights of the bourgeoisie.
Second Industrial Revolution
(1820-1900) second phase of industrialization- large scale iron and steel production, application of the steam engine, and development of a railway system.
Henry Bessemer
English engineer discovered a way to manufacture steel more cheaply and in larger quantities.
Bessemer process
Henry Bessemer’s process name for making steel.
Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz
perfected the internal combustion engine which burned petroleum and fuel and created the automobile.
George Stephenson
British inventor that developed a railway line with trains pulled by steam-powered locomotives.
conservatism
19th century ideology that asserted that tradition is the only trustworthy guide to social and political action.
Edmund Burke
“father of conservatism” wrote Reflections the Revolutions in France-opposed constitutionalism and reform
liberalism
19th century ideology that asserted that the task of government was to promote individual liberty (supporters from middle class)
Thomas Malthus
asserted that free and constant competition would always be the norm in humans because they would always reproduce at a greater rate than the food supply.
utilitarianism
“greatest good for the greatest number” - Jeremy Bentham
Romanticism
reaction to the Enlightenment and industrialization during the 19th century.
Nationalism
19th century ideology- pride in a nation.
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
argued that every nation had a historical role to play in the unfolding of the universe
Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian nationalist, whose nationalist movement, Young Italy, made appeals to unity
Anarchism
19th century ideology- saw the state and its governing institutions as the ultimate enemy of individual freedom.
Socialism
19th century the ideology that emphasized the collective over the individual. (tried to end/minimize competition, foster cooperation, and allow the working classes to share the wealth)
utopian socialism
ideal communities where work and its fruit were shared equally. Three different forms of utopian socialism!
Technocratic Socialism
form of utopian socialism- envisioned a society run by technical experts who managed resources efficiently and in a way that was best for all.
Psychological socialism
form of utopian socialism- saw a conflict between the structure of society and the natural needs and tendencies of human beings.
Industrial socialism
form of utopian socialism- argued that it was possible to have a productive, profitable, industrial enterprise without exploiting workers.
Karl Marx
German revolutionary. Wrote the Communist Manifesto
proletariat
sold their labor for wages
communism
declared that the only way to end social exploitation was to abolish private property.
social darwinism
argued that all living things had descended from a few simple forms. ‘‘survival of the fittest’’
Herbert Spencer
argued that Darwin’s theory proved that competition was not only natural, but necessary for the progress of a society.
Eugenics
notion that a progressive nation should plan and manage the reproduction of its population carefully.
Bourbon dynasty
ruled France
Carbonari
secret societies where members came mostly from middle class families and army dreaming of a unified Italy.
Risorgimento
Giuseppe Mazzini’s movement that composed mostly of intellectuals/university students who shared his idealism of nationalism. (Risorgimento was a failure)
Camillo Benso di Cavour
chief minister of King Victor Emmanuel II. Conservative aristocrat. Advocated a constitutional monarchy under Victor Emmanuel rather than a republic.
Crimean War
(1855) England, France, Austria VS Russia.
Garibaldi
Romantic nationalist who supported Mazzini. Hoped to establish an Italian republic. Raised an army of Red Shirts.
Junkers
powerful class of landed aristocrats that supported Prussia.
Zollverein
Germany’s large free-trading zone.
Austro-Prussian War
(1866)- Prussian troops were surprised Austria winning victory. Austria expelled from old and new German Confederation.
Compromise of 1867
set up the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary where Franz Joseph ruled.
Chartism
demonstrated the degree to which the lower/middle and working classes desired further reform.
Chartists
believed in: universal manhood suffrage, annual parliaments, voting by ballot, equal electoral districts, payment of members in parliament, etc.
Reform Bill of 1867
doubled the number of people eligible to vote and extended vote to lower middle class.
Paris Commune
democratic government set up by people of paris that refused to accept their failure in the Franco-Prussian war.
Kulturkampf
war for civilization where Bismarck passed a number of laws restricting the religious freedom of catholics in Germany.
Suez CAnal
connected Mediterranean Sea through Egypt to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
Berlin Conference of 1885
Split of Africa for imperialistic countries.
Opium War
(1839-1842) - When Chinese gov’ attempted to end the trade, Britain won the Opium War.
Treaty of Nanking
Chinese forced to sign this when Britain won the Opium War- Hong Kong went to Britain, several tariff-free zones were established for foreign trade, and exempted foreigners.
Boxer Rebellion
(1899-1900) - Chinese nationalism and resistance to foreign influence. Overthrew the Manchu dynasty and proclaimed a Chinese republic.
Russo-Japanese War
(1904) Japan VS Russia over influence in China. Japan won!
Labour Party
a political party that ran working class candidates in British elections.
social democrats
Germany- led by August Beel; most successful socialist party in Europe.
ultranationalists
argued that political theories and parties that put class solidarity ahead of loyalty to a nation threatened the very fabric of civilization and vowed to fight them to the death.
Dreyfus Affair
a group of french army officers falsely accused Dreyfus (young Jewish captain) of treason. His trials divided the nation symbolizing antisemitism in France.
Zionism
movement for the creation of an independent state for jews.
Theodor Herzl
published Jewish State- a pamphlet that urged an international movement to make palestine the jewish homeland.
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy (WWI)
Triple Entente
Britain, France, and Russia. (WWI)
Battle of Verdun
(1916) French troops led by Marshall Petain VS a German offensive. 700,000 men killed.
Battle of the Somme
Bloodiest battle ever. British attempted to be an offensive.
Bolsheviks
party of revolutionary marxists led by Lenin.
Treaty of Brestlitovsk
(1918) Bolsheviks signed surrendering Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic provinces to Germany.
Heisenburg
created the uncertainty principle; you can measure an atom’s speed and location but not at the same time.
Metropolis
depicts a world in which humans are dwarfed by an impersonal world of their own creation
Weimer Republic
liberal democracy led by a moderate social democrat, Friedrich Ebert. (failure)
Spartacists
Led by Rosa Luxemburg and arl Leibknecht- revolutionary dedicated to bringing a socialist revolution to Germany.
New Economic Plan
Lenin; allowed rural peasants and small business owners to manage their own land and businesses to sell their products. (compromise with capitalism)
Five Year plans
Stalin; rejected all notions of private enterprise and initiated the building of state owned factories and power stations.
collectivization of agriculture
Stalin; destroyed the culture of the peasant village and replaced it with one organized around huge collective farms.
purges
Stalin set out to eliminate all independent thought; purges = when he arrested millions of soviet citizens because of this.
gulags
work camps where the rest of soviet citizens opposing the government were sent to.
Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party
(AKA nazi party) right wing group and extremists that sprang up in post war germany.
Sir George Oswald Mosely
created the British Union of Fascists; members were united by their hatred of socialism and their anti-semitism.
Anschluss
1938- Germany annexed Austria without opposition .
Munich Agreement
agreement of appeasement; allowed Hitler to get what he wanted to avoid war.
Winston Churchill
criticized the appeasement policy.
Operation Barbarossa
sending of 2 million troops into the Soviet Union by Hitler.
Grand Alliance
(WWII) Britain, Soviet Union, US to support the USSR.
Atlantic Charter
document setting forth Anglo-American war aims; affirmed the right of all peoples to choose their own form of gov’
D-day
(1944)- Allied forces under Eisenhower’s command launched an invasion of German held France on beaches of Normandy.
Manhattan Project
American government secretly funded this prject to buld an atomic bomb.
United Nations
created with 51 members to promote international peace and cooperation.
Truman Doctrine
United States; offered military and economic aid to countries threatened by communist takeover
Marshall Plan
poured billions of dollars of aid into helping western European powers to rebuild their infrastructures and economies
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
united the Western powers in a military alliance against the Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact
military alliance of the communist countries of eastern Europe.
