European Revolutions Flashcards
Ultra conservative arrangement that was a throwback to the Middle Ages, but had little influence outside Eastern Europe
Holy Alliance
German confederation that met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: a constitution for a united Germany.
Frankfurt Assembly
Who proposed the Holy Alliance?
Tsar Alexander I
Free trade zone developed in German confederation & played a major role in laying the groundwork for future German political unity
Zollverein
Co-Author of “Communist Manifesto” (ENGLAND)
Friedrich Engels
Who opposed the repealed Corn Laws?
Wealthy landowners
Most radical response to the industrial revolution using violence
Marxism
Secret Italian revolutionary society
Carbonari
__________ advocated nationalism.
Johann Van Herder
________ & _________ formed the backbone of the Concert of Europe
Metternich & the Quadruple Alliance
What did the Concert of Europe work to do?
Achieve consensus, maintain status quo, and a general peace throughout Europe. (This might be a “The Concert of Europe did all of the following EXCEPT…” kind of question. MEMORIZE IT, FRIENDS!
King that was overthrown in 1848, triggering revolutions. (Hint: He was known as the “King of French People”)
Louis Philippe
Established in France in 1848 but gone by 1852 because of ideological divisions and a fear of renewed disorder
2nd French Republic
Leader that nearly succeeded in winning Hungary’s independence from Austria
Lajos Kossuth
Agreement that reasserted royal legitimacy/stability and rejected republicism
Congress of Vienna
“ism” that rejected the rationalism of the Enlightenment and emphasized emotion over reason
Romanticism (Cute hint: just think that romance follows the heart, not the brain…Hence the rejection of rationalism)
“Communist Manifesto” (written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels) was a necessary stage of…
economic and social developement
The Corn laws were repealed in 1846 partly due to the…
potatoe famine.
Movement that advocated economic and social planning
Utopian Socialist movement
Advocated universal suffrage for men
Chartists (Trick: Charles is a name for men..CHARles/CHARtists)
What political organization was used by Metternich to oppose liberalism and nationalism in Central Europe?
German Confederation (Tip: also memorize who it was used by and what it opposed!)
What did the Congress of Vienna do?
It established a balance of power, recognized the neutrality of Switzerland, united Sweden with Norway and Belgium with the Netherlands (This may be another “All of the following EXCEPT..” question!)
“ism” that promoted “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”
Utilitarianism
What did liberalism advocate?
written constitutions, limited suffrage, religious toleration, laissez-fair economics
What class favored liberalism the most?
Middle class
Monumental British law that increased the voting power of the middle classes
The Great Reform Act of 1832
Law that prohibited the employment of children under the age of nine
Factory Act of 1833
What country escaped the revolutions of 1848?
England, Sweden, and Russia. (Tip: If you have trouble memorizing countries, make an acronym! It helps a lot! For example: Everybody Says Roar = England, Sweden, Russia.)
What country experience the greatest degree of political instability?
France
Who was the most well known British conservative?
Edmund Burke
18th century Enlightenment economist that was championed by liberals and business owners for his belief in laissez faire
Adam Smith
German thinker known as the “father” of communism
Karl Marx
Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and the military to crush revolts against legitimacy.
Metternich
Who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna?
Metternich
Who restored throne after Bourbon revolution?
Louis XVIII
______ set out to restore the absolute monarchy, tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, and he issued the July Ordinances.
Charles X
These laws did not want there to be importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially.
Corn Laws
Basically, what were the revolutions of 1848?
They were democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.
