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Body Logistics > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most distal part of the digestive tract to the mouth: the anus or the rectum?

A

The anus

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2
Q

List 4 accessory organs.

A

Liver
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Salivary glands

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3
Q

What is the passageway of food called spanning from the mouth to the anus?

A

The alimentary canal

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4
Q

List the 4 layers of the guy wall.

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular is externae (external muscular layers)
Serosa

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5
Q

What 3 layers compose the mucosa of the gut wall? List these starting with the structure proximal to the gut lumen.

A

The epithelium
Lamina propia
Muscularis mucosae

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6
Q

What is the submucosa? What kind of structures are located within the submucosa?

A

The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue surrounding the mucosa. It contains structures such as blood vessels, nerve cells, and glands

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7
Q

What specific antibody does saliva contain? S the solution generally alkaline or acidic?

A

IgA - the solution is generally acidic

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8
Q

Why does the saliva contain fairly high levels of Ca2+?

A

This protects teeth, which aid in the breakdown of food for digestion

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9
Q

Name 2 enzymes commonly associated with saliva.

A

Amylase and lipase

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10
Q

How many layers of muscle does the muscularis externae consist of? Describe them.

A

The muscularis externae consists of 2 layers - the innermost layer of smooth muscle runs circularly around the lumen, while the outermost layer runs longitudinally parallel to the lumen

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11
Q

How does the stomach protect its epithelium from highly acidic conditions?

A

Secretion of mucus by goblet cells

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12
Q

What is the most distal portion of the small intestine?

A

The illeum

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13
Q

To which portion of the alimentary canal is bile secreted? What are the components of bile, and what are their purposes?

A

Bile is secreted into the duodenum - it’s contains:

  • water - helps turn the chyme into a isotonic solution
  • HCO3- - helps neutralise the acidic chyme solution
  • bile salts - helps emulsify fats belonging to the chyme
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14
Q

What are the folds of the stomach called? What process are they thought to aid?

A

Rugae - the physical breakdown of a bolus by churning

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15
Q

Through which vessel are all nutrients absorbed from the all intestine? What organ does this ensure all nutrients pass through?

A

The hepatic portal vein, which ensures all nutrients pass through the liver before being distributed throughout the body

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16
Q

What is the outermost layer of the mucosa of the oesophagus?

A

The adventitia, composed entirely of connective tissue, which replaces the serosa

17
Q

What controls emptying of the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine?

A

The pyloric sphincter (named after the pylorus portion of the stomach)

18
Q

What are Brunner’s glands? Where are they located?

A

Brunner’s glands secrete bicarbonate in an effort to alliance the acidic chyme produced by the stomach - they are located in the duodenum of the small intestine

19
Q

Where is the lamina propria located? What role does it play?

A

The lamina propria is located underneath the epithelium in the mucosa - it contains many immunoregulatory cells (plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages), provides nutrition to the epithelium, and provides support where they can anchor

20
Q

What is the serosa?

A

An outermost covering of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of adjacent connective tissue

21
Q

What is heartburn?

A

Heartburn occurs when stomach acid regurgitates into the oesophagus

22
Q

Does the oesophagus consist of a serosa?

A

No

23
Q

What 2 nerves innervate the oesophagus? What common saying does their action lead to?

A

Myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus - their action nears the term ‘to choke with emotion’

24
Q

How many layers of muscle are there in the stomach?

A

3

25
Q

What are parietal cells?

A

Cells that secrete H+ into the stomach, and HCO3 into capillaries to nearby surface mucus cells

26
Q

What are chief cells?

A

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin which can partly hydrolyse proteins

27
Q

What is the role of enteroendocrine cells?

A

These cells secrete gastrin, causing gastric mucosa to secrete acid

28
Q

Where do the majority of the substances needed for digestion actually originate? Where are they secreted?

A

They originate mainly from the pancreas, liver, and bile ducts - the majority of these secretions are secreted at the duodenum

29
Q

Is absorption an active or passive process?

A

Active

30
Q

In which part of the mucosa are payers patches located?

A

The lamina propria

31
Q

Why the time chyme has reached the illeum, what has happened?

A

The majority of the nutrients have been absorbed - however much water remains to be absorbed

32
Q

State the order of sections of the large intestine.

A
  • caecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoidal colon
  • rectum
33
Q

List 4 molecules that resident bacteria in the large colon have a role in producing.

A
  • riboflavin
  • vitamin K
  • thiamine
  • vitamin B12
34
Q

How many litres of water are needed overall throughout digestion?

A

14 litres

35
Q

What 2 neuronal plexi control contraction (and hence motility) within the gut wall?

A
  • the Myenteric plexus

- the submucosal plexus

36
Q

How can histamine affect the stomach?

A

Histamine controls the production of acid in the stomach

37
Q

How does the hormone gastrin act?

A

It promotes promotion of HCl by parietal cells of the stomach

38
Q

What is the role of cholecystokinin? What cell is it secrete from?

A

Cholecystokinin suppresses hunger, and primes the duodenum for digestion by promoting the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and the release of bile from the gall bladder

39
Q

What is the role of secretin?

A

Promotes HCO3 secretion in the stomach and bile production in the liver

Body Logistics (13 decks)

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