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11U Biology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

State the function of the stomach in the digestive process. [6]

A
  • J-shaped organ with 4 layers that contract to break down food.
  • Secretes gastric juices to chemically break down food (a mix of enzymes, acid, and mucus).
  • Protein digestion starts in the stomach with pepsin.
  • No lipid or fat digestion.
  • Breaks down food with chyme, a mix of gastric juice and food.
  • Pyloric sphincter controls flow of food leaving the stomach.
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2
Q

In which section of the small intestine are most nutrients absorbed?

A

The ileum.

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3
Q

What is the pH of the mouth?

A

7

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4
Q

Enzymes commonly have _____ at the end.

A

“-ase”.

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5
Q

______ are the main source of energy for the body.

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

What do vitamins help to control? [3]

A

Cell functions, growth, and development.

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7
Q

What happens in the jejunum of the small intestine?

A

The middle section of the small intestine, with some digestion and absorption, and more folds and intestinal glands.

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8
Q

All enzymes are…

A

…proteins.

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9
Q

State the function of the small intestine in the digestive process. [4]

A
  • Most digestion and absorption of nutrients happen here.
  • Folded to increase surface area.
  • Lined with villi which are then lined with microvilli. Inside a villi is a complex network of capillaries that allow nutrients to enter the circulatory sysem.
  • Villi can’t absorb fats, which are absorbed by lacteals and transported through the lymphatic system.
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10
Q

Proteins are made up of long chains of smaller molecules called…

A

…amino acids.

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11
Q

What will occur if not enough water is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

Constipation.

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12
Q

What is the correct order of the four main steps in human digestion?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion.

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13
Q

Explain the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats.

A

Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature, while saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature.

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14
Q

What prevents food from entering the lungs from the esophagus?

A

The raising of the larynx against the epiglottis.

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15
Q

Give two examples of minerals necessary for proper bodily function.

A

Calcium for bones, and iron for hemoglobin (oxygen transport in the blood).

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16
Q

The digestive system is also commonly referred to as…

A

…the gastrointestinal tract.

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17
Q

The ——- sphincter controls the flow of food leaving the stomach.

A

Pyloric

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18
Q

How many types of amino acids are there? How many are produced by our body and how many must be obtained?

A

There are 20 amino acids. Our body can produce 12, but the other 8 must be obtained.

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19
Q

The pH of the small intestine is…

A

…8

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20
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble and which vitamins are water soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble and vitamins B and C are water soluble.

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21
Q

State the function of the esophagus in the digestive process. [3]

A
  • Lined with circular of longitudinal muscles that aid in peristalsis.
  • Mucin further lubricates food.
  • Ring of sphincter muscles control the flow of food into or out of the stomach.
22
Q

What is the difference between endothermic and ectothermic organisms?

A

Endothermic organisms generate their own body heat and require significantly more food than ectothermic or cold-blooded organisms.

23
Q

State the function of the large intestine in the digestive system.

A
  • Digestion is complete and most nutrients absorbed.
    Caecum: blind end of large intestine by a valve.
    Appendix: no role in digestion.
    Colon: water and minerals are absorbed. Intestinal bacteria break down some undigested food.
    Rectum: Storage of feces.
    Anal Canal: anus (anal sphincter).
    Egestion: removal of waste food materials from body.
24
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins stored, and how are they removed?

A

Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored, and excess is removed through the urine.

25
Q

We are made up of anywhere from __%-__% water.`

A

55%-60%

26
Q

Water is necessary for six essential bodily functions. What are they?

A
  • Chemical reactions
  • Digestion
  • Excreting waste
  • Blood
  • Regulating body temperature
  • Keeping our skin moist
27
Q

Name the three main types of carbohydrates along with an example of each.

A
  1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars, ie. glucose, used in cellular respiration).
  2. Disaccharides (2 simple sugars joined together, ie. table sugar sucrose)
  3. Polysaccharides (100s of simple sugars joined together, ie. starch).
28
Q

Describe peristalsis.

A

The involuntary wave-like muscular contractions and relaxations that move food through the digestive system.

29
Q

What are three sources of carbohydrates?

A

Fruits, vegetables, and grains.

30
Q

The pH of the stomach is…

A

…2

31
Q

What happens in the ileum of the small intestine?

A

The last section of the small intestine and the site of most nutrient absorption.

32
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are chemicals that help to speed up biochemical reactions in the body.

33
Q

Name three possible causes of hemorrhoids. [5]

A
  • Chronic constipation or diarrhea
  • Straining during bowel movements
  • Lack of fibre in diet
  • Weakening anal tissue due to age
  • Pregnancy
34
Q

What is the function of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

To break down food into nutrients so they can be absorbed into our blood and distributed to our cells.

35
Q

What happens in the duodenum of the small intestine?

A

It is the first part, where most enzymes are added and digestion starts, with some absorption.

36
Q

True or False: We know today that cholera is an airborne disease spread by coughing or sneezing.

A

False

37
Q

State the difference between a vitamin and a mineral.

A

A vitamin is an organic molecule we need in small amounts, and a minerals are elements that cells need for cellular processes and repair.

38
Q

Where is the secretin hormone produced?

A

In the duodenum, triggered by acidic chyme in the duodenum.

39
Q

State the function of the mouth in the digestive process. [4]

A
  • Teeth aid in physical digestion (molars for chewing, incisors and canines for tearing and cutting).
  • 3 pairs of salivary glands contain enzymes which moisten and lubricate.
  • Saliva contains amylase which breaks down starchs.
  • Once the ball of food has been lubricated, it enters the esophagus.
40
Q

List the six types of nutrients needed in order to survive.

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals.

41
Q

What are the two main sources of proteins in our diet?

A

Animal products (meat, eggs, milk) and plant products (beans, lentils, seeds).

42
Q

What five things does an organisms metabolic rate depend on?

A
  1. Body size: the bigger the animal, the more energy it needs.
  2. Physical Activity: muscle burns more energy than fat and thus more physically active, more energy needed.
  3. Sex: males are larger and typically require more energy.
  4. Age: decreases with age.
  5. Hereditary Factors: some people have a higher metabolism than others.
43
Q

In what three ways do we lose water in our bodies?

A
  • Urine
  • Sweat
  • Respiration
44
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of amino acids.

45
Q

The two forms of digestion are…

A

…chemical and physical/mechanical digestion.

46
Q

Where is the most water absorbed in the digestive system?

A

In the colon of the large intestine.

47
Q

___, ____ and ____ are types of lipids.

A

Fats, oils, and steroids.

48
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored, and how are they removed?

A

Fat soluble vitamins are stored in fatty tissue and are hard to remove, and thus toxic in high quantities.

49
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine.

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

50
Q

What is the only form of chemical digestion in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

11U Biology (7 decks)

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