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11U Biology > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the external structure of a leaf. [2]

A

Blade- flat part of leaf

Petiole- stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the plant stem

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2
Q

Differentiate between vascular cambium and cork cambium.

A

Vascular cambium is the xylem and phloem in roots and stems, while cork cambium is the tough covering of the surface (bark).

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3
Q

Describe the process of sucrose transport in the phloem.

A
  • Sucrose is actively transported into the cell of the phloem, which lowers the concentration of water.
  • Water from the xylem moves into the phloem through osmosis, and increases the pressure in the phloem
  • As the pressure increases, sucrose will move to areas of lower pressure and is passively removed from the phloem to the surrounding cells.
  • When sucrose is removed, pressure drops, and water moves out of the phloem by osmosis.
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4
Q

Describe the structure of phloem and what it does.

A
  • Sieve tube elements are alive at maturity and have no nucleus. Companion cells have nuclei, and perform life functions for sieve tube elements.
  • Transports nutrients from leaves to the rest of plant.
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5
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

A directional change of growth in response to gravity.

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6
Q

Describe the internal structure of a leaf. [4]

A

Epidermis- covered in a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, protect against bacteria, insects, and moulds
Stoma- pore-like opening in epidermis on bottom of leaf, protected by guard cells that control opening and closing in regards to changes in water pressure
Mesophyll cells- middle layer of cells in leaf mainly responsible for photosynthesis, made of spongy mesophyll and pallisade mesophyll
Vascular tissue- xylem and phloem transport water and minerals into leaf, and dissolved carbs out of leaf

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7
Q

What is meristematic tissue? Where is it found, and what are the two different types?

A

Meristematic tissue is undifferentiated, embryonic tissue.

It is found in rapidly dividing cells. There are apical meristems and lateral meristems.

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8
Q

Define tropism.

A

A directed change in growth or movement in response to stimulus.

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9
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Sucrose

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10
Q

Describe the structure of xylem tissue and what it functions to do.

A
  • Tracheids and vessel elements begin as living cells, die at maturity, and leave cells walls in place
  • Transports water from roots to leaves
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11
Q

How does temperature affect plants? [4]

A
  • Rate of cellular respiration is affected, as most plants have an optimal temperature range.
  • Opening and closing of stomata are affected
  • Rate of transpiration is increased on hot, sunny days
  • Temperature can signal the formation of seeds or times of flowering.
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12
Q

What is dermal tissue? Where is it found and what function does it serve? [5]

A

Dermal tissue is the outer covering of a plant, made up of epidermal cells and pairs of guard cells that surround a stoma, or small opening for gas exchange.
The guard cells control the opening size of the stoma, and root hairs on root epidermal cells increase surface area for absorption of water and nutrients.

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13
Q

What is the stem structure of herbaceous and woody plants, respectively?

A
  • Herbaceous stems don’t contain wood, carry out photosynthesis, and have a thin epidermis.
  • Woody stems have wood, have bark, and do not carry out photosynthesis.
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14
Q

Describe how water is transported in a plant.

A
  • Water enters the root through osmosis.
  • Water enters the xylem through pits in the vessels called tracheids
  • Water moves up a tree against gravity in a variety of processes.
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15
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical compound manufactured by specialized tissue in one part of an organism that regulates the activity of another body part or parts.

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16
Q

Where is apical meristem located?

A

At the tip of the roots and shoots of a plant.

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17
Q

Differentiate between primary and secondary growth in plants.

A

Primary growth is growth that results in an increase in length and diameter and occurs in the apical meristems, and secondary growth results in an increase in girth and occurs in lateral meristems.

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18
Q

How does soil affect plants? [4]

A
  • Provides anchor support and roots with air
  • Holds water and nutrients
  • Needs to have a certain amount of air, water, and humus
  • Most plants prefer mildly acidic soils
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19
Q

Describe the structure of the xylem.

A

Made up of tracheids and vessels that are long tubes, both dead at maturity.

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20
Q

Define photoperiodism.

A

A plant’s response to changes in day length.

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21
Q

Name 5 characteristics of monocots.

A

Monocots have one cotyledon (embryonic leaf), the veins in leaves are parallel, vascular bundles are scattered in the stem, petals and stamens appear in multiples of three, and have a fibrous root system.

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22
Q

What is thigmotropism?

A

A directional change in growth due to a response to touch.

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23
Q

Name the four main organs of plants.

A
  • Leaf
  • Stem
  • Root
  • Flower
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24
Q

List the four types of plant tissue.

A

Meristematic tissue, dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.

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25
Q

Define active transport.

A

The movement of a substance against a concentration gradient.

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26
Q

Why might the location of source and sink cells change?

A

Depending on the time of year or the plant’s development.

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27
Q

Define translocation.

A

The movement of minerals from one part of a plant to another.

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28
Q

Differentiate between hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic.

A

Hypotonic solutions have a higher concentration inside than outside, hypertonic solutions have a lower concentration inside than outside, and isotonic solutions have an equal concentration outside and inside.

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29
Q

List the three types of plant cells.

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

30
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A
  • Internal system of tubes

- Includes xylem and phloem

31
Q

Differentiate between gymnosperms and angiosperms. [8]

A

Gymnosperms have seeds without seed coats, are attached to scales of cones, and are adapted to environments with cold winters and low nutrients (ex. conifers).
Angiosperms are flowering plants, their fruits contain seeds, and are the largest and most diverse groups (ex. trees).

32
Q

What do lateral meristems do?

A

They allow stems, trunks, and bark to become thicker as the plant grows.

33
Q

Name the two primary roles of roots in plants.

A

To anchor the plant in the soil, and transport nutrients.

34
Q

List the four primary functions of the leaf.

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Gas exchange
  • Storage
  • Protection from predators.
35
Q

List the four different ways water moves against gravity up a plant.

A

Transpiration, adhesion or capillary action, cohesion, and root pressure.

36
Q

Where are apical meristems found?

A

At the tips of roots and stems.

37
Q

Define fruit. What is it’s main function?

A

A mature ovary of an angiosperm, which contains the seeds. A fruit helps to protect and disperse the seed, but does not provide nutrients to the developing embryo.

38
Q

Differentiate between passive transport and osmosis.

A

Passive transport is the movement of a substance down a concentration gradient, while osmosis is the movement of water down a concentration gradient.

39
Q

State the chemical equation of photosynthesis.

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O –sunlight–> 6 O2 + C6H12O6

40
Q

Describe the structure of plant roots. [4]

A

Epidermis- root hairs increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals
Cortex- located inside epidermis, forms bulk of root volume, contains starch
Endodermis- inside cortex, filters materials travelling to the centre of root
Vascular tissue- clumped in vascular cylinder

41
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Minerals and water.

42
Q

What is lateral meristem, or cambium, result in?

A

The thickening of stems and roots.

43
Q

Name the four primary functions of stems of plants.

A
  • Support
  • Nutrient transport
  • Storage
  • Protection
44
Q

What is ground tissue? [3]

A
  • Forms most of plant’s internal and external material
  • Includes all three types of cells
  • Involved with photosynthesis, storage, and support.
45
Q

Differentiate between a source and a sink.

A

A source is a plant cell with a high concentration of sugar and other solutes, and a sink is a plant cell with a low concentration of sugar and other solutes.

46
Q

List five types of plant hormones (growth regulators).

A

Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene.

47
Q

Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination.

A

Self-pollination is when pollen can be transferred from one flower to another on the same plant, and cross-pollination is when pollen grains must be transferred from one plant to another.

48
Q

What three categories are vascular plants divided into?

A

Seedless vascular, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

49
Q

State the chemical equation of cellular respiration.

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

50
Q

What must minerals do in order to be transported?

A

They must be dissolved in water.

51
Q

What four environmental factors effect plant growth and differentiation?

A

Light, nutrients, temperature, and soil.

52
Q

Phloem is made up of companion cells and sieve tube cells. Describe their structure.

A

They are both alive at maturity, sieve tube cells lose their nuclei, but each has a companion cell that has a nucleus and carries out life functions for both cells.

53
Q

List the two main functions of seeds.

A

To protect and nourish the embryo and to carry the embryo to a new location.

54
Q

Describe the general structure of plant stems. [3]

A

Epidermis- Covered with cuticle, have stomata, and may contain chloroplasts.
Ground tissue (cortex and pith)- Cells are irregular in shape and arrangement, inner stem (pith) is spongier and stores water and some food, cortex stores food as starch, turgor pressure keeps stem upright.
Vascular tissue

55
Q

Why are plants affected by changes in light?

A

They need it for photosynthesis

56
Q

A cell can be _______, _________, and ________ in regards to concentration of water.

A

Plasmolyzed, flaccid, and turgid.

57
Q

Name the two organ systems of a plant.

A

Shoot system and root system.

58
Q

Plants are divided into vascular and non-vascular. What are some characteristics of non-vascular plants? [5]

A
  • No transport (vascular) tissue.
  • Require moist environments
  • No true leaves, roots, or stems
  • Restricted in size.
  • Ex. mosses
59
Q

Define transpiration.

A

When water evaporates from leaves or stems. This allows for more water to come up from the roots through the xylem to replace it.

60
Q

Sinks and sources are connected by what type of cells?

A

Phloem

61
Q

Name three micronutrients plants require.

A

Iron, zinc, and copper.

62
Q

What two components make up the cambium of a plant.

A

Vascular cambium and cork cambium.

63
Q

Explain the process of photosynthesis in plants.

A

Sunlight is absorbed by pigments (mainly chlorophyll) in the leaves. By absorbing water through their roots and carbon dioxide through their leaves, plants produce glucose and oxygen when there is sufficient sunlight.

64
Q

Name 5 characteristics of dicots.

A

Dicots have two cotyledons, the veins in leaves are net-like, vascular bundles are arranged in a ring in the stem, petals and stamens appear in multiples of four or five, and have a tap-root system.

65
Q

What two basic groups are angiosperms divided into?

A

Monocots and Dicots.

66
Q

What are nastic movements?

A

Plant movements that occur in response to environmental stimuli, but unlike tropic movements, the direction of response is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.

67
Q

Asexual reproduction is also known as _________ in plants.

A

Vegetative reproduction

68
Q

Why are woody stems able to grow thicker every year?

A

Because of the presence of meristemic tissue called the vascular cambium, which forms new xylem and phloem tissue every year.

69
Q

Explain the process of cellular respiration in plants.

A

Once a plant has photosynthesized and produced glucose, it can use that chemical energy and convert it to a usable form of energy for cells, which occurs in the mitochondria all the time.

70
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A change of direction in response to light.

11U Biology (7 decks)

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