Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

11U Biology > Diversity of Living Things > Flashcards

Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define notochord.

A

A dorsal nerve chord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Viruses replicate in one of two ways:

A

lytic and lysogenic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the taxon.

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the three possible shapes of bacteria.

A

cocci- round shaped
bacillus - rod-shaped
spirillum - spiral or corkscrew shaped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are methanogens?

A

An organism from archaea that lives in oxygen free environments and creates methane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the three benefits of DNA bar coding.

A
  • Helps with controlling trafficking of endangered species
  • Labelling of food (fish products for allergies)
  • Monitoring diversity in ecosystems.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the appearance and function of a plasmid.

A

A small loop of DNA that carries genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define phylogeny.

A

The study of evolutionary relatedness between, and among, species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

State the scientific definition of a species.

A

All organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

All animals have nerve cells, except for…

A

…porifera (sponges)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the three domains.

A

Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define dichotomous key.

A

A series of branching two part statements used to identify organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Differentiate between obligate anaerobe, obligate aerobe, and facultative aerobe.

A

An obligate anaerobe is an organism that can’t survive in the presence of oxygen, obligate aerobe is an organism that can’t survive without oxygen, and facultative aerobe is an organism that can survive with or without oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the process of binary fission.

A

The division of one parent cell into genetically identical daughter cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define clade.

A

A taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants, shown using a cladogram.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bacteria can differ in… [3]

A

Shape and arrangement, metabolism, and reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define endosymbiosis.

A

A relationship in which a single-celled organism lives within the cells of another organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some characteristics of eukaryotes? [6]

A
  • Organized and complex DNA
  • Cells divide through mitosis or meiosis
  • Usually sexual reproduction
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Have membrane-bound organelles
  • Aerobic (need oxygen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the ectoderm made up of?

A

The skin and nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the three possible arrangements of bacteria.

A

diplo - in pairs
staphylo - in clumps
strepto - in strings/chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are lichens?

A

A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a green algae or cyanobacteria. The fungi’s mycelium envelops and protects the cyanobacteria and supplies them with water and mineral nutrients. In return, the cyanobacteria supplies the fungi with food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are spores?

A

Haploid cells that function as the dispersal stage in the life cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between invertebrates and vertebrates?

A

Vertebrates have the dorsal nerve enclosed in a spine and invertebrates do not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a mycelium and what does it do?

A

An interwoven mat of hyphae which functions as a feeding structure to increase contact with the food source.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the physical appearance of pili and their function.

A

Pili are small hair-like structures made of stiff proteins that help the cell attach to other cells or surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are antibiotics used for?

A

To out compete other organisms for food and resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Protozoa?

A

Animal-like protists, which are heterotrophs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

An organism from archaea that live in extremely hot areas, like hot springs, volcanoes, and deep sea vents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the evidence behind the theory that the mitochondria and the chloroplast originated from endosymbiosis.

A
  • They have double membranes
  • Their inner membrane is similar to prokaryotes and their inner membranes are similar to eukaryotes.
  • They have their own chromosomes.
  • Both reproduce independently within a eukaryotic cell through binary fusion.
  • Only eukaryotes have mitochondria and chloroplasts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a coelom?

A

A body cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

List the six basic characteristics of protists.

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Mostly unicellular
  • Some are mobile
  • Some have cell walls
  • Mostly aerobic
  • No sex organs or embryos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the process of conjugation.

A

A form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join through a pilus and exchange genetic information. Also known as horizontal gene transfer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

A

When a piece of hypha breaks off, or by releasing spores.

34
Q

What is a capsid?

A

A protein coat that surround the DNA and RNA (which make up 30% and 70% of the genetic material in a virus, respectively) in a virus.

35
Q

Describe the appearance and function of an endospore.

A

A dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure to ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress.

36
Q

State the difference between a pandemic and an epidemic.

A

A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs over widespread geographic regions, often worldwide. An epidemic is a large-scale outbreak of disease, usually confined to a limited geographic location.

37
Q

State the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

A

Autotrophs are able to make their own food, while heterotrophs can’t make their own food and must eat or absorb it instead.

38
Q

What does the cavity allow for in organisms of the animalia kingdom?

A

The capture and digestion of food and the evolution of specialized cells.

39
Q

When did multicellular organisms first appear?

A

700 million years ago

40
Q

Are bacteria autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

Both

41
Q

What are algae?

A

Plant-like protists, which are autotrophs.

42
Q

List some characteristics of animals. [4]

A
  • Heterotrophic
  • Multicellular
  • Motile
  • Sexual reproduction
43
Q

When did eukaryotes first appear?

A

1.5 billion years ago

44
Q

What are slime moulds?

A

Fungi-like protists.

45
Q

What is the mesoderm made up of?

A

The circulatory, reproductive, excretory, and muscular systems.

46
Q

What is the difference between primitive and derived characteristics?

A

Primitive characteristics are characteristics shared by all species, while derived characteristics are the new features that a new species have and the ancestors lacked.

47
Q

Name the four kingdoms of the Eukaryotes domain.

A

Animalia, Protista, Plantae, and Fungi.

48
Q

Where is the fruiting body located on the mushroom?

A

The visible mushroom is the reproductive structure or fruiting body.

49
Q

Define taxonomy.

A

The science of classifying organisms, developed by Carolus Linnaeus.

50
Q

What do humans use fungi for? [4]

A
  • Food (mushrooms, soy sauce, blue cheese)
  • Alcohol (yeast)
  • Medicine (anti-rejection drugs)
  • Genetic engineering
51
Q

In what five ways did plants transform the landscape?

A
  • Created soil
  • Created shade
  • Roots helped to stabilize soil
  • Created habitats
  • Produced food for herbaceous animals
52
Q

Viruses are classified into…

A

Orders, families, genera, and species.

53
Q

What is transduction?

A

A type of gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another.

54
Q

List some characteristics of plants. [4]

A
  • Autotrophic or photosynthetic
  • Multicellular
  • Sessile
  • Asexual or sexual reproduction
55
Q

How can fungi reproduce sexually?

A

Opposite haploid hypha grow towards each other and fuse to form a diploid zygospore, which then produces the haploid spores.

56
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Tiny threads of cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane, covered with a cell wall of chitin).

57
Q

List some characteristics of fungi. [4]

A
  • Heterotrophic
  • Multicellular
  • Sessile
  • Sexual reproduction
58
Q

What four things did plants need to be successful on land?

A
  • Structures to keep them upright and anchored
  • Conducting tissue (xylem and phloem)
  • Method of reproduction that does not depend on water
  • Structures to prevent them from drying out and coping with extreme temperatures.
59
Q

What are halophiles?

A

An organism from archaea that only grow in salty environments.

60
Q

List some defining characteristics of viruses. [4]

A
  • No cellular structure
  • No cytoplasm, cell membranes, or organelles
  • Don’t respire or carry out other life processes
  • Intracellular parasites.
61
Q

What are viruses? [2]

A

Viruses are classified as non-cellular particles, made up of a protein (DNA/RNA) that can invade living things.

62
Q

Define bacteriophage.

A

Viruses that infect bacteria.

63
Q

Describe the process of transformation.

A

It occurs when a bacteria takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment.

64
Q

What are six reproductive strategies of plants?

A
  • Nectar
  • Colourful flowers
  • Pollen
  • Fruit
  • Spores
  • Seeds with protective coats.
65
Q

What was the common ancestor of the animalia kingdom?

A

It was likely a flagellated protist.

66
Q

Name three defining characteristics of archaea.

A
  • Have unique cell membranes and cell walls (no peptidoglycan)
  • Different DNA/RNA
  • Live in extreme environments.
67
Q

Differentiate between bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry.

A

Animals with bilateral symmetry can be divided evenly down the middle, and animals with radial symmetry can be divided into equal portions from the centre, like cutting a pie into pieces.

68
Q

When did prokaryotes first appear?

A

3.5 billion years ago

69
Q

What are six major threats to biodiversity?

A
  • Habitat loss and fragmentation
  • Introduction of exotic (non-native) species
  • Pollution and contamination
  • Population growth
  • Over-exploitation
  • Global climate change.
70
Q

What are some characteristics of prokaryotes? [6]

A
  • Small
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Unicellular
  • Cells divide through binary fusion
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
71
Q

Define genetic variation.

A

Characteristics of a species produced my mutations and selection for characteristics that increase an organism’s chance for survival.

72
Q

What is a viroid?

A

A very small infected piece of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants.

73
Q

What is plasmodium vivax?

A

The malaria parasite.

74
Q

What is morphology?

A

The physical appearance and characteristics of an organism, and the science of studying these characteristics.

75
Q

What is a prion?

A

An infectious particle that causes damage to nerve cells in the brain and consists of only a single protein.

76
Q

List some characteristics of protists.[4]

A
  • Heterotrophic, photosynthetic, or both
  • Unicellular
  • Sessile
  • Asexual or sexual reproduction
77
Q

What does a provirus do?

A

It integrates its DNA into the host cell’s chromosome, and can separate from the host chromosome at any time and complete the lytic cycle.

78
Q

What is the endoderm made up of?

A

The inner lining of the gut and lungs.

79
Q

What are the three germ layers in animals?

A

The ectoderm (outer layer), the endoderm (the inner layer), and the mesoderm (middle layer).

80
Q

What are the three ways in which bacteria can reproduce?

A

Binary fission, conjugation, and transformation.

81
Q

What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles?

A

The lytic cycle is when replication is finished and lysis occurs, which is the rupturing of the host cell. The lysogenic cycle is when the viral DNA remains dormant for many cell generations.

82
Q

Which two membrane bound organelles originated from endosymbiosis?

A

Mitochondria and the chloroplast.

11U Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions