The digestive system Flashcards
All foods must go through physical and chemical changes - to change the insoluble complex food into simpler ones this process is known as what
What is digestion?
This process breaks down food and takes out nutrients and disposes of waste; it breaks down food into molecules, small enough to be transported through the plasma membrane.
What is digestion?
The digestive system prepares food for use by cells, through these five basic activities? IPDAE
- ingestion, 2. peristalsis, 3. digestion 4. absorption and 5. Elimination
Taking a food into the body is known as this
What is ingestion?
Involuntary physical movement of food through the body is known as this
What is peristalsis?
The breakdown of food by both mechanical and physical, and chemical means, is known as this
What is digestion?
The passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the cells of the body, is known as this
What is absorption?
The defecation from those substances that are ingestible, and cannot be absorbed
What is elimination?
The names of these two types of digestion are this
What is 1. mechanical digestion, a.k.a. physical digestion and 2. chemical digestion?
This type of digestion happens via peristalsis and mastication (aka chewing)
What is mechanical digestion, a.k.a. physical digestion?
This type of digestion is accomplished by enzymes, enzymes that are produced by cells along the tract and break down food chemically via different organs and secrete different enzymes to chemically act on different foods
What is chemical digestion?
The organs of the digestive system are divided into these two groups
What are 1. Gastrointestinal tract, a.k.a. alimentary canal a.k.a. alimentary tract and 2 accessory organs
This tract is a long, continuous tube, running through the ventral body cavity, and extends from the mouth to the anus, contains food from the time is ingested to the time it’s eliminated and includes most of the digestive organs. MPESSL
What is the gastrointestinal tract a.k.a. alimentary canal a.k.a. alimentary tract
Name the six organs within the gastrointestinal tract MPESSL
- Mouth, 2. pharynx, 3. esophagus 4. stomach, 5. small intestines, 6. large intestines
The mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa, are the four layers within this structure
What is the layers of the gastrointestinal tract?
These are organs that lie outside of the gastrointestinal tract, but are still used for digestion
What are accessory organs?
Name the six accessory organs for digestion. TTSLGP
- Teeth, 2 Tongue 3.salivary glands, 4. liver, 5. gallbladder, 6. pancreas
This accessory organ is formed by the cheeks, hard and soft palate and tongue; the cheeks formed the lateral wall…
What is the mouth a.k.a. oral cavity a.k.a. buccal cavity
This is a space, bound, externally by the cheeks and the lip and internally by the gums, and the teeth of the mouth/oral cavity / buccal cavity
What is the vestibule of the mouth?
This is a space that extends from the gums and the teeth to the fauces of the mouth
What is the oral cavity proper?
This is the opening between the mouth and the throat
What are fauces?
These are found in the alveolar socket of the Alveolar process of the maxillary and in the alveolar sockets of the alveolar process of the mandible
What are teeth, a.k.a. dentes teeth a.k.a. dentes
These teeth are known as our first set of teeth and there are 20 of these 10 in each jaw
What are our milk teeth A.k.a. Deciduous teeth
The second set of these we get later in life, 16 in each jaw
What are our permanent teeth?
What is mechanical digestion in the mouth?
It is chewing, a.k.a. mastication
This accessory organ forms at floor of the oral cavity is a special organ for our senses of taste, (known as gustation via taste buds), and it assist in mastication involving bolus formation and movement
What is the tongue?
These are located adjacent to the mouth and assist in producing a watery secretion of different chemicals, known as saliva
What are salivary glands?
This salivary gland is located at the side of the rami inferior and anterior to the ear
What is the parotid gland?
This gland is the largest pair of glands in the salivary glands, and is the one that becomes inflamed if you have a mumps
What is the parotid gland?
This gland is found below the base of the tongue, and in the floor of the mouth, and can be felt medial to the angle of the mandible
What is the submandibular glands?
The ducts are associated with the submandibular gland
What are Wharton ducts a.k.a. submandibular ducts
This gland is beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular gland
What is the sublingual gland?
This is the name of the duct that pairs with the sublingual gland
What is the Rivinus duct a.k.a. sublingual duct?
Salivary glands are known to be this type of gland; endocrine, exocrine or heterocrine?
Salivary glands are exocrine glands because they have ducts
This substance is 99.5% water and 5% solutes, the solutes are the enzymes produced by the three salivary glands.
What is saliva?
The function of this substance is to soften and lubricate food dissolve some food so it can be tasted, and cleanses the mouth and teeth
What is saliva?
This funnel shaped organ is located posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx, and is composed of skeletal muscle,and is lined by the mucous membranes and considered both a respiratory and digestive organ
What is the pharynx a.k.a. The throat?
The digestive function of this organ is to bring bolus from the mouth to the esophagus
What is the pharynx a.k.a. the throat?
The throat is divided into these three parts NOL
What is the 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx and 3. Larygnopharynx?
The function of this part of the throat is purely respiratory, and this part lies posterior to the nasal cavity, and extends down to the soft palate of the mouth
What is the nasopharynx of the throat?
The function of this middle part of the throat is digestive and respiratory. It lies posterior to the oral cavity, and extends from the soft palate of the mouth to the hyoid bone.
What is the oropharynx of the throat?
The function of this inferior portion of the throat is digestive and respiratory. It begins at the level of the hyoid bone, and opens interiorly to the larynx and posteriorly to the esophagus.
What is the laryngopharynx of the throat?
This muscular tube is roughly 9 to 10 inches in length, begins at the inferior end of the laryngeal pharynx and passes through the esophageal hiatus to terminate in the superior portion of the cardiac of the stomach and this is the only type of digestion takes place within this organ is peristalsis…
What is the esophagus, a.k.a. Gullet
The main function of this muscular tube is to bring bolus from the throat to the stomach, making it the least complicated structure of the digestive tract
What is the esophagus a.k.a. gullet
The esophagus transports bolus from the pharynx to the stomach using these
What are upper and lower esophageal sphincter’s?
This sphincter of the esophagus consist of skeletal muscle and regulates movement of bolus from the pharynx to the esophagus
What is the upper esophageal sphincter?
This sphincter within the esophagus is composed of smooth muscle, and regulates the movement of food as it enters the stomach
What is the lower esophageal sphincter a.k.a. the cardiac sphincter
This organ is J-shaped, and located inferior to the diaphragm in the epigastric, left hypochondriac, and umbilical region of the body on the left side of the body. It has a capability of stretching to serve as a reservoir for food.
What is the stomach?
This organ connects the esophagus to the duodenum, which is known to be the first part of the intestines
What is the stomach?
There are four parts to the stomach. What are they?
- The Cardia, a.k.a. cardiac, 2. the fundus, 3. the body, a.k.a. corpus, and the 4. Pylorus/ antrum
This area surrounds the cardiac sphincter and the lower esophageal sphincter
What is the Cardia a.k.a. cardiac area of the stomach
This area of the stomach is the round part located superiorly and to the left of the Cardia
 What is the fundus of the stomach?
This area of the stomach is considered a large central portion of the stomach
What is the body a.k.a. corpus of the stomach?
This narrow inferior portion of the stomach connects with the duodenum, and via the pyloric valve a.k.a. sphincter, it prevents the backflow, a partially digested food and digestive juices from the duodenum of the small intestines…
What is the pylorus a.k.a. antrum?
What are the two sides of the stomach?
The greater curvature, and the lesser curvature
What are the four layers of the stomach?
- The Serosa, 2. the muscularis, a.k.a. muscular coat, 3. the submucosa layer and 4. the mucosa layer
This left side of the stomach has a convex lateral border, and is supplied by the left gastric artery
What is the greater curvature of the stomach?
This right side of the stomach has a concave medial border and is supplied by the right gastric artery
What is the lesser curvature of the stomach?
This outermost superficial layer of the stomach has a portion of it that is part of the visceral peritoneum
What is the Serosa of the stomach?
This layer of the stomach located under the Serosa is composed of visceral muscle tissue
What is the muscularis a.k.a. muscular layer of the stomach
This layer is found under the muscularis layers, binds the mucosa to the muscularis, and is where blood vessels and nerves can be found
What is the submucosa layer?
This layer of the stomach is the innermost layer, and it secretes mucous, and contains many pits/gastric glands that have three types of secreting cells
What is the mucosa?
When there is no food in the stomach, the mucosa lies in large, muscular folds called this, which allows for the expansion and contraction when the stomach contains food.
What are Rugae?
What are the three types of secreting cells in the mucosal layer of the stomach? ZPM
What are chief cells aka zymogenic cells, parietal cells, and mucous cells.
This cell type with in the mucosal layer of the stomach secretes pepsinogen
What are chief cells a.k.a. Zymogenic cells
This cell type within the mucosal layer of the stomach 1. secretes hydrochloric acid HCl and activates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin: an active enzyme, needed to break down protein and 2. has an intrinsic factor necessary to absorb vitamin B12 needed for Hemopoiesis, regulating blood cells.
What are parietal cells?
This cell type within the innermost layer of the stomach secrete mucous, which protects his stomach from its own digestive juices
What are mucous cells?
The combination of all the secretions within the mucosa 
What are gastric juices?
Once food is in the stomach, the stomach gently mixes the food about every 15 to 25 seconds and this mixing macerates the food and mixes it with gastric juices, reducing the food to this substance.
What is chyme a.k.a. Chyli
This organ originates at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and terminates at the ileocecal valve of the large intestines measures about 23 feet long and 1 inch in diameter and is located central and lower part of the abdominal cavity
What is the small intestines?
What are the three parts of the small intestines?
- The duodenum, 2. the jejunum and 3. the ileum
This part of the small intestines is the beginning and the shortest portion and the Brunners glands are found here and is known to be 10 to 12 inches long
What is the duodenum?
This part of the small intestines it a second portion extends to the ileum and is 8 feet long
What is the jejunum?
This part is the longest portion of the small intestines joins the large intestines at the ileocecal valve, and has the greatest amount of Peyer patches
What is the ileum of a small intestines?
This is known as the opening into the large intestines which allows for materials from the small intestines to pass into a large intestine
What is the ileocecal valve?
These glands are compound, tubular submucosal glands, that produce, mucous-rich, alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate, which protects from the acidity of chyme and provides alkaline conditions for intestinal enzymes to be active, enabling absorption, and for lubrication of the intestinal walls
What are Brunners glands a.k.a. duodenal glands.
This organ is approximately 5 feet in length, and is about 2.5 inches in diameter, extends from the ileum to the anus, and is wider not longer than its counterpart the small intestines.
What is the large intestines?
Functions of this organ include 1. complete water absorption, 2. absorption of vitamins, 3. processes, undigested materials (fiber) 4. stores waste before elimination
What is the large intestines?
This is the beginning of the large intestines located on the right side of the body vermiform appendix projects from here
What is the cecum of the large intestines?
The largest part of the colon is subdivided into four of these parts
- The ascending colon 2. the transverse: 3. the descending colon and 4. the sigmoid colon.
This part of the colon goes up the right side of abdomen when it reaches the inferior undersurface of the liver. It turns to the left and forms the Right Colic Hepatic Flexure
What is the ascending colon?
This part of the colon goes across the abdomen when it reaches the end of the left side of the spleen, it turns left and forms the Left Colic Splenic Flexure.
What is the transverse colon?
This part of the colon goes down the left side of the abdomen to the iliac crest
What is the descending colon?
This S shaped portion begins near the iliac crest and projects medially and terminates at the rectum
What is the sigmoid colon?
This makes of the eight last inches of the gastrointestinal tract, and lies anterior to the sacrum and coccyx
What is the rectum?
This makes up the terminal 1 inch of the large intestines, the opening of this part which leads to the exterior of the body…
What is the anal canal?
Located just below the diaphragm in the right hypochondriac and epigastric region, its the largest digestive organs, weighs 4 to 5 pounds and separated into right and left flow by the falciform ligament
What is the liver?
One of the things liver is known to do is this; which breaks down fats and act as an emulsifying agent.
What is bile production?
One function of the liver is manufacturing this anticoagulant and other plasma proteins, such as prothrombin and thrombin which are involved in clotting blood
What is herapin?
Another function of the liver is destroy certain bacteria… and this.
What is desTroy old worn White and red blood cells?
Another function of the liver is that it contains various enzymes that break down poisons or transform them into less harmful substances. If the body cannot break it down, the liver does this
What is stores them?
With the liver when we digest proteins, they turn into amino acids and the amino acid will eventually produce this as a waste product and then convert this into harmless urea, which is excreted by the kidneys or sweat glands
What is ammonia?
With the liver, Excess glucose can be stored as this or converted to fat, and we needed, the liver can then transform this and fat into glucose.
What is glycogen?
This greenish-yellow fluid, consisting of waste, cholesterol and bile salt that is secreted by the liver cells to perform 2 primary functions 1. breakdown and 2. absorb fats. It is excreted from the body in the form of feces, giving feces is dark brown color
What is bile?
This pear-shaped organ is attached to the undersurface of the liver and , functions to store and concentrate bile
What is the gallbladder?
Through this duct, bile will leave the gall bladder
What is the cystic duct?
This small oblong shaped organ is about 6 inches in length, lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach and is divided into 3 portions, the head, body and tail
What is the pancreas?
The head of this Organ fits into the C-shaped curve of the duodenum
What is the head of the pancreas?
The pancreas is this type of gland. Meaning it has both endocrine and exocrine portion.
What is a heterocrine gland?
The endocrine portion of the pancreas is known as this
What is the islets of Langerhans a.k.a. pancreatic islet - secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream
The exocrine portion of the pancreas secrete this via the pancreatic duct.
What is digestive enzymes a.k.a. pancreatic juices
This digestive enzyme of the pancreas breaks down carbs into glucose
What is amylase?
This digestive enzyme of the endocrine portion of the pancreas breaks down proteins into amino acids
What is protease?
This digestive enzyme of the endocrine portion of the pancreas, breaks down fats into glycerol and three fatty acids
What is lipase?
This is the organs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas in the ducts that participate in the secretion storage and delivery of bile to the duodenum
What is the Biliary tract/system?
The two functions of the Biliary tract system is to drain waste and help with this
What is help in digestion with the controlled release of bile?
This hepatic duct emerges from the right lobe of the liver
What is the right hepatic duct?
This hepatic duct emerges from the left lobe of the liver
What is the left hepatic duct?
The right and left hepatic duct unite to form this duct of the liver…
What is the common hepatic duct?
The cystic duct emerges from this digestive organ
What is the gallbladder?
The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite and form this
What is the common bile duct or ductus choledochus.
The pancreatic duct emerges from this digestive organ…
What is the pancreas?
The pancreatic duct and the common hepatic duct unite to form this
What is the hepatopancreatic duct or ampulla of vater?
