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Human Anatomy and Physiology > The digestive system > Flashcards

The digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic digestive processes?

A

Digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Motility

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2
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechnaical digestion

Chemical digestion

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3
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of the end - products of chemcial digestion from the digestion tract into blood or lymph for distrubution to tissue cells

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4
Q

Secretion

A

Enzymes and digestive fluid secreted by the digestive tract and its accesory organs facilitate chemcial digestion

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5
Q

Elimnation

A

Undigested material will be release through the rectum and anus by defecation

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6
Q

features of the GI wall structure

A

Muscosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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7
Q

Mucosa

A

Lining of the lumen of the GI tract

3 layers - mucuous membrane, Lamina propria, muscualris mucosae

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8
Q

Submucosa

A

Contains connective tissue which adds to the elastcicity of the tact

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9
Q

Muscualris externa

A

Smooth msucle

Responisble for motility along the GI tract

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10
Q

Serosa

A

Continous with the messentery

Thick layer of connective tissue offers structural support of the tract

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11
Q

Palate - rood of the mouth

A

2 distnct pottion
Hard palate- anterior portion, tongue forces food againts it during chewing
Soft palatae - posterior portion, soft flap which blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing

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12
Q

The beginning - Mastication

A

Digestion begins with mastication

Salivary galnds - partoid gands, sublingual gland, submandibualr gland

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13
Q

Salivary amylase

A

catalyses the hydrolysis breakdown of polysaccharides like starch into smaller molecules
Beginning process of digestion

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14
Q

Pharynx

A

Food passes nasopharynx - closure by soft palate during swallowing
Upper esophgeal sphincter - protects against reflux of food into the airways

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15
Q

Stomach

A

Food passes through the cardiac sphincter into the stomach

Stomach lined with simle columnar epithelial cells

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16
Q

Parts of the stomach

A

Fundus - top part of the stomach
Body - large mid - protion of the stomach
Antrum - lower part of the stomach
Pyloric region - terminal region of the stomach
Pyloric sphincter - control entry of chyme into the small intestine

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17
Q

Acidic environemnt of stomach

A 
pH = 2 
Necessary for activating pepsingoen 
Denatures proteins 
Kills bacteria 
Gastric mucosal barrier
18
Q

Gastric pits

A

Located in stomach lining; lead to gastric glands

19
Q

Secretory products then Gastric pits

A

Pepsinggen - secreted by chief cells
HCI - secreted by pariteal cells
Intrinsic factor - secreted by parietreal cells
Gastrin - hormone secreted from enteroendocrine cells
Mucus - secreted from neck cells

20
Q

Small Intestine

A

Coiled, hollow tube
Primary site of digestion and absorption
Lined with simple columnar epithelium
Three division - Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

21
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger - like projections
Villi increase surfaces areas of epithelium
Form brush border

22
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

Present between villi
secreted in duodenum
Absorbed in ileum

23
Q

Role of liver in absorption

A

Absorbed nutrients travel in blood to the liver before entering the general circulation
liver functions to detoxify substances and processes certain nutrients

24
Q

Large Intestine

A

Consists of cecum, colon and rectum
Illececal sphincter is between ileum and colon
Teniae coil are bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

25
Q

What are the four types of accesory glands?

A

Slaivary galnds - secrete saliva
Pancreas - secretes pancreatic juice
Liver - secretes bile
Gallbladder - stores bile produced by the liver

26
Q

The pancreas

A

Has endocrine and exocrine pancreas

pancreas tissue consist of exocrine acinar cells and duct cells. Endocrine cells dispersed in the islets of Langerhans

27
Q

Pancreatic juice contains -

A

Bicarbonate which neutralizes acidic pH of the stomach acid to pH 8.0
Pnacreatic amylase - hydrolyses carbohydrates like maltose to glucose molecules
lipases
Proteases
Nucleases

28
Q

The liver

A

Secretes bile
Bile enter duodenum
Processes nutrients

29
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Secretion and modification of hromones
Removal of old red blood cells
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Elimination of waster and toxins

30
Q

The biliary system

A 
Liver synthesizes bile 
Gallbladder stores bile 
Common bild duct transports bile from liver 
Joins with panvcreatic duct to form 
Spincter of Oddi
31
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

Only monosaccharides are absorbed
Disaccharides and polysaccharides must be digested to monosaccharides
Digestion of starch

32
Q

Enzymes of carbohydrate digestion

A 
Dextrinase 
Salviary and pancreatic amylase 
Sucrase 
Lactase 
Maltase
33
Q

Protein digestion

A

Amino acid
Dipeptides
Tripeptides

34
Q

Types of protease used in the body to dugest protein

A

Endopeptidases
Exopeptides
Zymogens

35
Q

Absoprtion of amino acids

A

Cross the apical membrane by sodium - linked secondary active transport or facilitated diffusion
Cross the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion

36
Q

Lipid digestion

A

Lipids face special problm in digestion and absorption
Enzymes of digestion
Secreted from pancreas
Lipases can only act on molecules near the edge of a fat droplet

37
Q

Bile salts

A

Synthesized in liver from cholesterol
Sceretd in bile to duodenum
Amphipathic molecule
Emulsify fat

38
Q

Absorption of vitamins

A

Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin B12
Water - soubule vitamins

39
Q

Absorption of minerals

A

Sodium
Chloride
Potassium

40
Q

Hormones involved of GI tract

A

Leptin
Gastrin
Secretin
CCK

41
Q

Peristalisis

A

Seris of wave - like muscle contraction that move food through the digestive tract
Causes movement of the wall of the GI tract

Human Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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