The Developmental Area Flashcards
What are the two classic and 2 contemporary studies (in pairs)
Classic: Bandura (1) and kohlberg (2) contemporary: Chaney (1) and Lee (2)
What is the background for Banduras study
Behaviourists suggest that all behaviours can be explained in terms of identification from the environment. He developed the concept of social learning theory which is that people learn through observation of adult role models whose behaviour they then imitate
What are the aims/ hypothesis for banduras study
Aim to see whether children would imitate aggressive behaviour when given the opportunity even if they saw these behaviours in a different environment and the original model was no longer present. Hyp 1: subjects exposed to aggressive models would reproduce agg acts resembling the models 2. Observing a non agg model would have am inhibiting effect on behaviour 3. Subjects would imitate same sex models to a greater degree than diff 4. Boys will be more pre disposed towards imitating aggression
What is the research method for banduras study
Lab experiment as had iv and controlled environment. independent groups, as diff groups had diff conditions and matched pairs, matched to control participant variables also observation as watched beh
What is the sample of banduras study and sampling method
72 children aged 37- 69 months, 36 boys and 36 girls all from Stanford university nursery. It was opportunity sampling and parents gave consent for their child to take part
Describe the pre testing in banduras study
To control for participant variables, he matched 8 experimental groups of 6 children on age, gender split and mean aggression rating. 24 left made up control group ( no model). Got aggression rating of each child from teacher and experimenter observing the child in social interactions at nursery and rated on a 5 point scale for physical, verbal, objects and inhibition aggression. They were given a score and put into groups of 3 with same scores then randomly allocated each triplet to aggressive, non or control. There was high inter rater reliability as there was a high correlation co efficient on r-0.89 between 2 observers scores
What were the ivs in banduras study
Gender of participant, the model condition (aggressive or non male or female or control) and the gender of the model
Describe the procedure of banduras study
Stage 1. Each child takes to a room with a table and given toys to play with, an adult DST at ani other table whodunnit has tinker toys, a bobo doll and a mallet. Model played with toys for 1 min then in the aggressive condition, model laid bobo on side, sat on it and punched it on the nose, raised bobo and hit it with a mallet, then tossed it in the air and kicked it about all whilst saying responses like “sock him in the nose” or “pow”. In non aggressive after 1 min, model played with tinker toys and ignored the bobo doll and control didn’t see a model. Stage 2: aggression arousal- children taken to a smaller room with attractive toys like a doll set and fire engine and were told they could play with them but after 2 mins the experimenter said they were her best toys for special children. Stage 3: in third room, there were a range of toys always set up in the same way which had toys from the 1st room as well as aggressive toys like dart guns and non aggressive toys like crayons and cars. For 20 minutes they could play whilst being observed through a 2 way mirror (time sampling used every 5 s tally was made in a category of imitative, partially imitative or non imitative behaviour)
What were the results from banduras study
Children exposed to aggressive models showed more imitative aggressive behaviour than those shown non or control (25.8 mean no. imitative physical aggressive acts by boys with aggressive models compared to 2 mean imitative physical aggressive acts by boys with no model. Seeing the non aggressive model inhibited aggressive acts (mean no. 5.5 imitative physical aggressive acts by girls with aggressive model compared to 2.5 with non aggressive model). Children were more likely to imitate same sex mode, (girls has mean no. 13.7 imitative verbal acts with aggressive female role model but 2.p with aggressive male role model). And boys imitate more aggressive behaviour than girls (25.8 b/5.5 g). Girls were more verbally aggressive, Boys more likely to imitate same sex models than girls
What is the background for kohlbergs study
Some theories about moral development had been put forward such as the psychodynamic perspective which talked about morality in terms of superego which represents rules and inhibitions. Behaviourist perspective says morality is a consequence of children observing models who act in moral ways and being punished for immoral behaviour. Piaget said there were 2 levels of moral thinking 1. Heteronormative moral thinking which weighs an outcome/consequence to determine how bad something is and 2. Autonomous moral reasoning which takes intent into account - kohlberg based his theory off of piaget. Kohlberg believed the stages were invariant and all came, one at time, none were missed but the speed could vary and that not everyone would reach the highest stage and criminals would stay at a lower level
What were kohlbergs aims
His aim is to show how his research supports his stage theory of moral development, in relation to piaget, behaviourism and Freud
What was kohlbergs research method
Self report as gave answers, longitudinal as used same people more than once over time and quasi as they were from diff countries
What was kohlbergs sample
75 boys aged at the start 10-16 through to when they were 22-28
What was kohlbergs procedure
Over the course of 12 years, each one of the boys at 3 yearly intervals were presented with hypothetical moral dilemmas, all philosophical. Their answers and reasoning were linked tp 25 moral concepts. Kohlberg believed the stages were invariant and all came, one at time, none were missed but the speed could vary and that not everyone would reach the highest stage and criminals would stay at a lower level. There are 6 reasons for following rules (to avoid punishment, obtain rewards, avoid dislike by others, avoid punishment by authority, to be respected by others and to avoid self condemnation. There are also 6 stages of valuing human life (based on social status or physical attributes, satisfying needs of other people, affection of family members, because of place in a defined order, in terms of welfare and society and a human right, universal respect. Boys were placed into theses stages according to answers from qs. Kohlberg also look at Malaysia, Taiwan, Mexico, turkey, Canada and uk
What were the findings from kohlbergs study
That the boys answers supported the stages: orientation towards punishment (he should steal the drug if he thinks he won’t get caught) self interest orientation (he should steal the drug to keep his wife alive and if wouldn’t be fair to him) good boy good girl (he should ask his friends what they would do and do that) authority and social order (shouldn’t steal the drug as it is breaking the law) social contract (should as pharmacists may no longer make the medication and people would die) universal ethical principles (not as unless prepared to for everyone as human life worth the same)
