The Developmental Area Flashcards
What are the two classic and 2 contemporary studies (in pairs)
Classic: Bandura (1) and kohlberg (2) contemporary: Chaney (1) and Lee (2)
What is the background for Banduras study
Behaviourists suggest that all behaviours can be explained in terms of identification from the environment. He developed the concept of social learning theory which is that people learn through observation of adult role models whose behaviour they then imitate
What are the aims/ hypothesis for banduras study
Aim to see whether children would imitate aggressive behaviour when given the opportunity even if they saw these behaviours in a different environment and the original model was no longer present. Hyp 1: subjects exposed to aggressive models would reproduce agg acts resembling the models 2. Observing a non agg model would have am inhibiting effect on behaviour 3. Subjects would imitate same sex models to a greater degree than diff 4. Boys will be more pre disposed towards imitating aggression
What is the research method for banduras study
Lab experiment as had iv and controlled environment. independent groups, as diff groups had diff conditions and matched pairs, matched to control participant variables also observation as watched beh
What is the sample of banduras study and sampling method
72 children aged 37- 69 months, 36 boys and 36 girls all from Stanford university nursery. It was opportunity sampling and parents gave consent for their child to take part
Describe the pre testing in banduras study
To control for participant variables, he matched 8 experimental groups of 6 children on age, gender split and mean aggression rating. 24 left made up control group ( no model). Got aggression rating of each child from teacher and experimenter observing the child in social interactions at nursery and rated on a 5 point scale for physical, verbal, objects and inhibition aggression. They were given a score and put into groups of 3 with same scores then randomly allocated each triplet to aggressive, non or control. There was high inter rater reliability as there was a high correlation co efficient on r-0.89 between 2 observers scores
What were the ivs in banduras study
Gender of participant, the model condition (aggressive or non male or female or control) and the gender of the model
Describe the procedure of banduras study
Stage 1. Each child takes to a room with a table and given toys to play with, an adult DST at ani other table whodunnit has tinker toys, a bobo doll and a mallet. Model played with toys for 1 min then in the aggressive condition, model laid bobo on side, sat on it and punched it on the nose, raised bobo and hit it with a mallet, then tossed it in the air and kicked it about all whilst saying responses like “sock him in the nose” or “pow”. In non aggressive after 1 min, model played with tinker toys and ignored the bobo doll and control didn’t see a model. Stage 2: aggression arousal- children taken to a smaller room with attractive toys like a doll set and fire engine and were told they could play with them but after 2 mins the experimenter said they were her best toys for special children. Stage 3: in third room, there were a range of toys always set up in the same way which had toys from the 1st room as well as aggressive toys like dart guns and non aggressive toys like crayons and cars. For 20 minutes they could play whilst being observed through a 2 way mirror (time sampling used every 5 s tally was made in a category of imitative, partially imitative or non imitative behaviour)
What were the results from banduras study
Children exposed to aggressive models showed more imitative aggressive behaviour than those shown non or control (25.8 mean no. imitative physical aggressive acts by boys with aggressive models compared to 2 mean imitative physical aggressive acts by boys with no model. Seeing the non aggressive model inhibited aggressive acts (mean no. 5.5 imitative physical aggressive acts by girls with aggressive model compared to 2.5 with non aggressive model). Children were more likely to imitate same sex mode, (girls has mean no. 13.7 imitative verbal acts with aggressive female role model but 2.p with aggressive male role model). And boys imitate more aggressive behaviour than girls (25.8 b/5.5 g). Girls were more verbally aggressive, Boys more likely to imitate same sex models than girls
What is the background for kohlbergs study
Some theories about moral development had been put forward such as the psychodynamic perspective which talked about morality in terms of superego which represents rules and inhibitions. Behaviourist perspective says morality is a consequence of children observing models who act in moral ways and being punished for immoral behaviour. Piaget said there were 2 levels of moral thinking 1. Heteronormative moral thinking which weighs an outcome/consequence to determine how bad something is and 2. Autonomous moral reasoning which takes intent into account - kohlberg based his theory off of piaget. Kohlberg believed the stages were invariant and all came, one at time, none were missed but the speed could vary and that not everyone would reach the highest stage and criminals would stay at a lower level
What were kohlbergs aims
His aim is to show how his research supports his stage theory of moral development, in relation to piaget, behaviourism and Freud
What was kohlbergs research method
Self report as gave answers, longitudinal as used same people more than once over time and quasi as they were from diff countries
What was kohlbergs sample
75 boys aged at the start 10-16 through to when they were 22-28
What was kohlbergs procedure
Over the course of 12 years, each one of the boys at 3 yearly intervals were presented with hypothetical moral dilemmas, all philosophical. Their answers and reasoning were linked tp 25 moral concepts. Kohlberg believed the stages were invariant and all came, one at time, none were missed but the speed could vary and that not everyone would reach the highest stage and criminals would stay at a lower level. There are 6 reasons for following rules (to avoid punishment, obtain rewards, avoid dislike by others, avoid punishment by authority, to be respected by others and to avoid self condemnation. There are also 6 stages of valuing human life (based on social status or physical attributes, satisfying needs of other people, affection of family members, because of place in a defined order, in terms of welfare and society and a human right, universal respect. Boys were placed into theses stages according to answers from qs. Kohlberg also look at Malaysia, Taiwan, Mexico, turkey, Canada and uk
What were the findings from kohlbergs study
That the boys answers supported the stages: orientation towards punishment (he should steal the drug if he thinks he won’t get caught) self interest orientation (he should steal the drug to keep his wife alive and if wouldn’t be fair to him) good boy good girl (he should ask his friends what they would do and do that) authority and social order (shouldn’t steal the drug as it is breaking the law) social contract (should as pharmacists may no longer make the medication and people would die) universal ethical principles (not as unless prepared to for everyone as human life worth the same)
What was the background for chaneys study
Asthma is a chronic condition and there are treatments but small children may not use their inhalers correctly which could place them at a health risk
What is the aim for chaneys study
To see if operant condition could be used to encourage children to want use their inhalers and use them correctly
What research method did Chaney use
Field (as at home) and quasi (patients already had asthma) also repeated measures
What was the sample in chanteys a study and the method
32 children (22 boys 10 girls) all from Australia aged between 1.5 and six and had asthma for an average of 2.2 years. They were recruited on a random basis From 7 gp clinics within a 51k radius of Perth but they spanned in socioeconomic and geographic areas
What was the procedure of chaneys study
Iv- the device used to administer meds (funhaler or normal) dvs: questionnaires of children’s behaviour (how often and any problems with medication) and the attitudes of children and parents. Parents were given a questionnaire about their current inhaler and included a consent form. They were then given a funhaler to use for 2 weeks with the child and were asked randomly if they had used the funhaler the previous day. At then ends the parents were given another questionnaire to complete (to measure parents attitude to adherence and how freq child was medicated, childs attitude and problems with medication delivery- Sam as in first) . The funhaler had a spinning disk and whistle which were activated with a steady breath out.
What were the results of chaneys study and conclusion
Usage of the medication increased (% of children who had used the inhaler the day before 59% for existing, 81% for funhaler), there were less problems with the device 61% weren’t willing to breath through normal compared to 7% with funhaler. Attitude towards medication from parents (16% disliked normal inhaler compared to 0% for funhaler. Conc: funhaler led to an increase in use and correct use and parents were less likely to give up
What is the background for lees research
Wanted to explore moral thinking towards honesty and the social context it occurs in. Eastern cultures tend to be more collectivist (persons identity bound to a group) whereas western cultures tend to be individualist (individual is more important over the community). These cultural values may cause children to see lying differently. The Chinese government requires school at all levels to incorporate the promotion of honesty and modesty, children are encouraged to report their misdeeds and to not brag about personal achievements, including good deeds or to seek praise whereas self promotion is not considered bad in western cultures
What were the aims for lees research
- To see if Chinese and Canadian children would differ in how they rated truth telling and lie telling In pro social settings (Chinese children are predicted to rate truth telling in pro social situations less positively and lie telling in same less negatively than Canadian children. 2. To see if Chinese and Canadian children would differ in his they rated truth and lie telling in anti social settings
What were the 4 ivs for lees study
- Nationality of child (Canadian or Chinese) 2. Age of child 7, 9 or 11 3. How characters behaved in the story: pro socially or anti socially 4. What was affected by the behaviour of child in story (physical or social)
Describe the sample of lees study
There were 120 Chinese children (40 7 year old , 40 9 year old, and 40 11 year olds with an equal gender split. They were all from hangzhou city. and 108 Canadian children with 36 7 years old, 40 9 year old and 32 11 year olds, 58 boys and 50 girls. All from Fredericton city, similar as both provincial capitals but smaller population
What was the experimental design of lees study
Independent measures also quasi as ethnicity is naturally occurring also cross sectional as looked at different ages of children at one point in time
What is the method for lees study
Each child is presented with 4 stories (one with a character behaving pro socially and telling the truth about it, one behaving pro socially and lying about it, one behaving anti socially and telling the truth about it and one behaving antisocially and lying about it). Half were randomly allocated to the physical story condition (child tearing pages out of a book or picking up litter) or the social condition (pushing another child or giving another child money to go on a school trip). The children were seen individually and a rating chart was explained where they could use words or symbols then the children are asked if the act was good to naughty and then if the lie or truth telling about the act was good or naughty p. Counter balancing was used by allocating stores to one of to order then giving half one order and half the second
What were the results for lees study
Both cultures rated pro social behaviour as good and anti social behaviour as bad. Canadian children’s rating of truth telling about pro social behaviour did not change over time (said it was good) but Chinese children rating truth telling for pro social behaviour as less positive as age increased E.g 8% of 7 year olds, 43% of 9 year olds, 48% of 11year olds gave negative ratings.all Canadian children rating lying about pro social behaviour as negative and so did Chinese units at 9 and 11 where they rated it positively (25% at 7, 43% at 9 and 70% at 11). Both rated anti social behaviour and lying about it as negative and the truth about it +. When asked why rated lie telling about pro social behaviour as +, 54% of Chinese said “one should not leave ones name after doing a good deed”
What are the conclusions for lees study
That there are differences in moral development between different cultures because of social and cultural rules not cognitive development
Sim and diff between Bandura and Chaney
Sim: both used young children as their ps, both used behaviourist principles of learning, both gained quantitative data for analyses, both shows external influences on children’s behaviour diffs: bandura used observation, Chaney self report. Bandura in controlled, Chaney in natural, Bandura in America, Chaney in AUS, Chaneys all had asthama: bias
Sim and diff between kohlberg and lee
Sim: Both used children as ps, both gained qualitative data, both had cross cultural aspects, both collected data via self report. Diff: kohlberg had only males, kohlberg is longitudinal, lee is snapshot, kohlberg about universality of moral reasoning, lee is cultural diffs in moral reasoning.
How Chaney has changed our understanding from Bandura and how changed understating of ind, social and cult diversity
Has: Chaneys suggests that another external influence on behaviour is positive and negative reinforcement from others hasn’t: both used children who were around the same age so don’t know of teens and adults affected the same way. Ind: hasn’t didn’t investigate how personality linked to result diffs. Soc hasn’t: Chaney found both male and female children were similar cult has: shows external influences which can effect children in diff croutes but cultures are similar
How lee has changed our understanding from kohlberg and how changed understanding of ind soc and cult diversity
Has: shows there’s a cultural diff in moral judgments, diff method for studying development using children from different ages hasn’t: reinforces kohlberg idea that morality develops over time. Ind hasn’t: nothing on how personality affects moral judgment. Social has and hasn’t: studying how males and females develop moral reasoning but nothing in terms of factors affecting adults. Cult has: Chinese bs Canadian
