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Geography > The development gap > Flashcards

The development gap Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors can be used to measure development

A
  • Gross national income
  • Human development index
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2
Q

What is gross national income

A

total value of goods and services produced by a country + money earned from and paid to other countries.
- Expressed per capita (per head) of the population

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3
Q

What is the Human Development Index

A

a social measure
- life expectancy at birth
- number of years of education
- GNI per head

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4
Q

Why is birth rate reliable/un reliable measure of development

A

reliable - as a country develops woman are more likely to become educated and want a career, meaning marry later and have fewer children
unreliable - if a country has regulations limiting the number of babies per head

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5
Q

Why is death rate unreliable measure of development

A
  • developed countries often have older populations and so death rates will be high
  • in less developed countries death rate may be lower as there are proportionally more young people
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6
Q

Why is infant mortality a reliable measure of development

A

number of doctors per 1000 people indicates how much money a country has for medical services

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7
Q

What does a high literacy rate of a country show

A
  • good education system, therefore well developed
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8
Q

what does a high percentage of access to clean water show

A
  • country has modern infrastructure such as dams, reservoirs and water treatment plants
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9
Q

What are the limitations of economic and social measures of development

A
  • data could be out of date or hard to collect
  • data may be unreliable
  • government corruption may mean data is unreliable
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10
Q

What does the Demographic transition model show

A

changes over time in the population of a country
shows the birth rate, death rate and total population

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11
Q

What in the gap between birth rate and death rate called

A

natural change

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12
Q

What are characteristics of stage 1 of the DTM

A
  • high birth rate
  • high death rate
  • both fluctuating because of disease, famine, war
  • population fairly stable
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13
Q

Example of a country in stage 1 of the DTM

A

Traditional rainforest tribes (in parts of Indonesia, Brazil and Malaysia)

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14
Q

What are characteristics of stage 2 of the DTM

A
  • death rate decreases
  • birth rate remains high
  • population grows
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15
Q

Example of a country in stage 2 of DTM

A
  • Afghanistan (one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world)
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16
Q

What are characteristics of stage 3 of the DTM

A

birth rate drops fast
death rate decreases more slowly
population grows (not as fast)

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17
Q

Example of a country in stage 3 of DTM

A

Nigeria ( an NEE experiencing economic growth)

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18
Q

What are characteristics of stage 4 of the DTM

A
  • low birth rate, low death rate
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19
Q

Example of country in stage 4 of DTM

A

USA (one of the most developed countries in the world)

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20
Q

What are characteristics of stage 5 of the DTM

A

birth rate very low, falling below death rate
death rate increases slightly - aging population
total population decreases (natural decrease)

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21
Q

Example of country in stage 5 of DTM

A

Germany

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22
Q

What do population pyramids show

A

shows the percentage or number of males and females in each age group

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23
Q

Physical causes of uneven development

A
  • Landlocked countries
  • Climate related diseases
  • Extreme weather (droughts, cyclones and floods)
  • lack of adequate supplies
24
Q

Why does landlocking cause uneven development

A

this means a country is only bordered by land, with no access to the seas a country is cut off from sea-borne trade

25
Q

Economic causes of uneven development

A

Trade:
- most of the world’s trade is between
richer countries
- rich countries want to pay as little as possible for their raw materials, which come from LIC’s
- processing which adds value takes place in richer, developed countries

26
Q

Historical causes of uneven development

A

Colonialism:
- political instability caused by civil wars and political struggles has meant money is spent on armaments and some governments have been corrupt, holding back development

27
Q

What disparities are caused by uneven development

A
  • Disparities in wealth
  • Disparities in health
28
Q

How has uneven development lead to disparities in wealth

A
  • Africa’s share of global wealth is about 1%
  • North America holds 35% of global wealth
29
Q

How has uneven development lead to disparities in health

A

LICs are unable to invest in good quality health care.
LICS - infectious diseases are main cause of death, complications of childbirth cause many deaths before the age of 5

HICS- most deaths are chronic disease (cancer, dementia etc) , 7 in every 10 deaths are people over age of 70

30
Q

Definition of immigrant, emigrant and economic migrant

A

immigrant - person who moves into a country
emigrant - person who moves out a country
economic migrant - person who moves out voluntarily to seek better life

31
Q

How does uneven development lead to international migration + an example

A
  • people are forced out due to civil wars and conflict
    e.g. Syria - 4 million fled to temporary camps and thousands have made the journey across the Mediterranean in crowed boats
32
Q

What strategies can reduce development gap

A
  • Investment
  • Industrial development
  • Tourism
  • Aid
  • Intermediate technology
  • Free trade
  • Fair trade
  • Debt relief
  • Microfinance
33
Q

How does investment reduce the development gap

A
  • Many countries and TNC’s chose to invest money and expertise in LIC’s to increase their profits
    Investment can involve
  • development of infrastrucure
  • construction of dams for electricity
  • development of new industries
34
Q

How does industrial development reduce the development gap + example

A

Brings employment, higher incomes and opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure
- Called the multiplier effect
Malaysia - development of natural resources such as oil and gas, palm oil and rubber

35
Q

How does tourism reduce the development gap

A
  • Countries with tropical beaches, spectacular landscapes or abundant wildlife have become tourist destinations
  • led to investment and increased income from abroad which can be used for improving education, infrastructure and housing
36
Q

What is aid + what forms does it come in

A

When a country of non-governmental organisation donates resources to another country to help it develop or improve peoples lives. Take form of:
- money
- emergency supplies
- food
- technology
- skills

37
Q

What is short- term aid

A

emergency help usually in response to a natural disaster (e.g. flood or earthquake)

38
Q

What is long-term aid

A

Sustainable aid that seeks to improve resilience

39
Q

What is Bilateral aid + example

A

aid from one country to another e.g. UK to Ethiopia

40
Q

What is tied aid

A

aid may be given with certain conditions (e.g. recipient has to spend aid money on donor countries products)

41
Q

What is multilateral aid

A

Richer governments give money to an international organisation such as the world bank which then redistributes the money as aid to poorer countries

42
Q

What is voluntary aid

A

Money donated by the general public in richer countries and distributed by NGO’s like Oxfam

43
Q

What is intermediate technology and how does it reduce the development gap

A

intermediate technology - sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of local people
- Takes the form of small-scale projects often associated with agriculture, water or health. These involve local communities and can make a real difference to the quality of peoples lives e.g. irrigation

44
Q

What is free trade. How does it reduce the development gap

A

Free trade- when countries do not charge tariffs and quotas to restrict trade with each other
This benefits the worlds poorest countries

45
Q

What are tariffs and quotas

A

Tariffs- taxes imposed on imports
Quotas - limits on the amounts of goods imported

46
Q

What is fair trade. How does it reduce development gap

A

When the producer gets a fair price for the product their selling
- farmers get all the money from the sale of his crop
- in return, farmer agrees to farm in an environmentally friendly way

47
Q

What is debt relief. How does it reduce development gap

A

At their meeting in 2005, the worlds richest countries (G8) agreed to cancel the debt owed to it by the 19 poorest countries.
- Helps poorer countries invest money in development projects, such as industry, resources or infrastructure.
- Without debts, some countries used the money saved to improve quality of life for their people

48
Q

What is microfinance. How does it reduce development Gap

A

small- scale financial support available directly from banks set up especially to help the poor.
- This enables individuals to start small businesses, increasing employment opportunities and incomes

49
Q

What strategy of reducing the gap is used in Jamaica

A

Tourism

50
Q

What aspects has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s economy

A
  • Economy
  • Employment
  • Infrastructure
  • Quality of life
  • The environment
51
Q

How has tourism improved Jamaica’s economy

A

in 2014, tourism contributed to 24% of Jamaica’s GDP
Income from tourism is US$2 billion each year and taxes paid to the government contribute to further development of the country

52
Q

How has tourism improved Jamaica’s employment

A

Tourism is the main source of employment in Jamaica. It provides jobs for 200,000 people

53
Q

How has tourism improved Jamaica’s infrastructure

A

high level of investment on the North Coast where much of the countries tourism is centred
New port and cruise liner facilities have been built at Trelawney

54
Q

How has tourism improved Jamaica’s quality of life

A

In northern tourist areas of Montego Bay, wealthy Jamaicans live in high-quality housing with a high standard of living

55
Q
A

Geography (14 decks)

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