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Individual differences and Crime > The Dark Side of Personality > Flashcards

The Dark Side of Personality Flashcards

1
Q

16 Features of Psychopathy~ Cleckley 1941

A
  • Superficial charm and good intelligence
  • Absence of delusions
  • Lack of anxiety
  • Unreliability
  • Untruthfulness and insincerity
  • Lack of remorse and shame
  • Inadequately motivated antisocial behaviour
  • Failure to earn by experience
  • Ego centricity and incapacity for love
  • Lack of affect
  • Lack of self-reflection
  • Unresponsiveness in interpersonal relation
  • Suicide threats not carried out
  • Impersonal sex life, trivial
  • Failure to follow any life plan
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2
Q

Development of psycopathy as clinically defined as personality disorder

A

1952- sociopathic personality

2nd edition of DSM removed psychopathy and replace with ASPD

2012- DSM-V anti-social/ psychopathic disorder

1985- psychopathy checklist

1991- psychopathy checklist revised (PCI-R)- considered gold standard of diagnostic tool

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3
Q

Two factor model of psychopathy- Lykken (1948)

A

> Galvanised skin response test

> Anxiety levels differentiate psychopaths into two groups

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4
Q

Two factor model of psychopathy- primary psychopathy

A

“Specific mental disease…. having in particular a virtual absence of any redeeming social interaction”

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5
Q

Two factor model of psychopathy- secondary psychopathy

A

“Presence of psychoses and neuroses that have a strong antisocial or delinquent aspect”

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6
Q

Characteristics of primary psychopathy (PP)

A

Personality and affective aspects of psychopathy:

  • Pathological lying
  • Manipulation
  • Lack of remorse
  • Predetermined behavior
  • Callousness
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7
Q

Characteristics of secondary psychopathy (SP)

A

Lifestyle and behavioural features of psychopathy:

  • Parasitic lifestyle
  • Impulsiveness
  • Re actively violent
  • Antisocial behaviour
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8
Q

Evidence for 2-factor model:
Primary psychopathy

A

> Inability to discriminate between pleasant and unpleasant sounds (Verona et al 2004)

> Poor perceptional processing of distracting stimuli- goal-focused (Zeier et al 2009)

> Reduced attention to emotion cues and ability to change mood (Malterer et al 2008)

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9
Q

Evidence for 2-factor model:
Secondary psychopathy

A

> Higher level of anxiety, depression and suicide idealisation (Vaughn et al 2009)

> Negative urgency- act impulsively to relieve currently experienced negative emotion (Anestis el al 2009)

> Borderline personality characteristics, poor interpersonal functioning mental disorders (Skeem et al, 2007)

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10
Q

Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray,1981)

A

Behavior inhibition system (BIS)
> Avoidance behaviour in response to threat and harm

Behavioral activation system (BAS)
> Regulates appetite behaviours, approach behaviours to reward and impulsivity

PP= weak BIS
SP= strong BAS

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11
Q

Response modulation theory (Newman and colleges)- Attentional processing deficit

A

Can’t attend to peripheral info that prevents threat and distress cues (or insufficient allocation of attentional resources)

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12
Q

Response modulation theory (Newman and colleges)-
Higher order cognitive processes mediate neural functioning

A

> Preservation in gambling task (Newman and Kosson, 1986)

> Can’t alter attention focus

> Impairment in rule learning and error monitoring (von Borries et al 2009)

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13
Q

Low fear model of psychopathy (Blair 2005, 2006)

A

Deficient amygdala, paralimbic system and orbitofrontal cortex (neural regions associated with fear and emotion processing)

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14
Q

What does Low fear model of psychopathy explain?

A

> Deficient aversive conditioning

> Recued automatic response and startle threat to anticipated threat

> Poor passive avoidance learning

PP- neurological and cognitive deficits leads to inadequate moral socialisation

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15
Q

Nuerobiolgocial characteristics of SP

A

> Deteriorated prefrontal cortex grey matter- bad decision making (Raine et al 2000

> Unequal balance of activity between PFC and subcortal regions

> Impulsive and not predetermined violence (raine et al 1998)

> Variours other neural regions

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters~ Serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR (Long allele version associated with PP)

A
  • Attentional deficits
  • Impaired aversive conditioning
  • Perseveration
  • May shape amygdala functioning (Glenn,2011)
  • Neuronal hypoactivity
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17
Q

Serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR (Short allele associated with SP)

A

Associated with hypersensitive psychopaths such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse (Glenn, 2011)

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18
Q

How does psychopathy develop: callous unemotional (CU) traits (in children)

A

> Emerge from 2 years old

> Under strong genetic influence from 7-16 years (estimates 40%-78% heritability)

> Stability maintained genetically

> Children with CU traits- more pervasive and less treatable-failure of moral socialization

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19
Q

How does psychopathy develop~ CU traits pertain more to PP

A

> Less likely to make eye contact with their mother

> Have problems recognizing fearful body poses and faces

> Emotionally unresponsive to others’ distress
Less responsive to fearful eyes

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20
Q

Nature and Nurture

A

> CU traits may protect against adverse rearing environment

> Antisocial behavior (ASB) moderately influenced by genetics as well as shared and non-shared environmental factors

> Harsh parenting strongly related to ASB in children who are normal for CU traits

> CU traits promote high ASB and criminally beyond what would be expected by adverse parenting alone

> Gene X environment interactions (epigenetics) need to be considered (no longer nature vs nurture debate)

21
Q

“Successful” psychopathy

A

Psychopaths are charming; lack anxiety, and articulate, but also guiltless, callous, and self-entered (Lilienfeld et al 2015)- happy to deceive people

22
Q

“Successful” psychopathy~ Cleckley 1982

A

“The typical psychopath will seem particularly agreeable and make a distinctively positive impression when he is first encounted… indications of good sense and sound reasoning will emerge… normal and pleasant person is also one of high abilities”

23
Q

Successful psychopathy as primary psychopathy

A

> Interpersonal aspects- positively associated with verbal IQ, fluid intelligence, creativity, practicality and analytical thinking

> Useful for navigating social situations

> Overrepresented in high-achieving professions (eg lawyers, managers etc)

> Levels of psychopathy higher in business studies students (Wilson and MCcarty 2011)

> “Business psychopathy” (Francis and Lilienfeld 2012)

24
Q

Models of successful psychopaths

A

> Differential severity model

> Moderated expression model- protective factors eg good parenting and better higher-order thinking

> Differential configuration model- successful psychopaths higher in extraversion and conscientiousness and low levels of agreeableness and disinhibition

> Bond based on Yeo Thomas (WW1 special agent) “swashbuckling, charismatic, and daring” (Lilienfeld et al 2015)

25
Q

How narcissism is different psychopathy

A
  • Quiet often confused
  • Psychopathic individuals can be narcissistic
  • Narcissists not necessarily psychopathic
26
Q

Grandiose narcissistic traits

A
  • Superior sense of self
  • Egotism
  • Self-centered
  • Overconfident
  • Hyper competitive
  • Status seeking
27
Q

Narcissism in some ways is better

A
  • Sociable
  • Confident in social situations
  • Entertaining
  • Resilience and psychological well-being in context of high self-esteem
  • Low loneliness anxiety and neuroticism
28
Q

Psychopathy as an evolutionary adaption

A
  • “Male typical”, cheater strategy
  • Resources and mates through cheating
  • Short term relationships, risky sexual behavior, unrestricted sociosexuality, casual sex, exploitative and aggressive mating tactics
29
Q

Primary psychopathy as an adaption

A

> Psychopathy as an adaption to altruistic social groups during Enrionment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (exploit trust)

> Primary psychopathy as the genetically inherited, fast life history strategy “cheater strategy”

> Frequency dependent- 1% of the population

30
Q

SP as an adaption

A

> Developmental plasticity

> Environmental conditions can change temporarily and spatially

> Adaptive to be able to shift LHS accordingly

> SP is a conditional adaptation to an adverse environment (Glenn 2011)

> Still attractive members of the opposite sex (sensation seeking, impulsive, risk taking)

31
Q

Sex similarities in psychopathy- PP

A
  • Fear and emotion processing deficits
  • Low empathy
  • Resiliency against adverse life experiences
  • Lower anxiety
  • Less agreeableness
32
Q

Sex similarities in psychopathy- SP

A
  • Same adverse emotional style
  • Antisocial, violent and criminal behaviour
  • Alcohol and substance misuse
  • Mental health problems
  • High anxiety levels
33
Q

Women and psychopathy

A

> Less likely to engage in proactive and reactive violence

> Commit nonviolent crimes like theft and prostitution

> Internalize behavior like self-harm and running away

> Greater degree of psychopathology

> Suicide attempts
Internalizing symptoms

> Differences between PP and SP less distinct- report feelings of alienation and high stress

34
Q

Why the difference in sex with psychopathy?

A

> Remains largely unexamined

> Estrogen may be protective factor against abnormal neural functioning in psychopathy brain regions

> Genes have stronger influences on ASB in women- for men environmental factors more important

35
Q

Controversies with the 2-factor model(Skeem,Cooke & Michie)

A

> Emphasis on criminality – emphasis on “unsuccessful” psychopathy, and over-emphasis on antisocial and violent behaviour

> What is measured by the PCL-R hasreplaced psychopathy as a construct

36
Q

3-factor model (Cooke & Michie, 2001)

A

> Arrogant & deceitful personality style
Deficient affective experience
Impulsive & irresponsible behavioural style

37
Q

How to diagnose psychopathy

A
  • Based on Hare’s two-factor model:

Factor 1:
Interpersonal (1, 2, 4, 5)
Affective (6, 7, 8, 16)

Factor 2:
Lifestyle (3, 9, 13, 14, 15)
Antisocial (10, 12, 18, 19, 20)

> Collateral and interview info used to score personality traits and behaviour
Score of >25 is concerning, >30 = psychopathy
Av score in general population is 5
Women >18 for clinical consideration

38
Q

Issues over assessment

A

> Reliability of inter-rater scoring (e.g.,Edens et al., 2010)
Which side the assessor is on in criminal case
Predictability of future behaviour
Co-morbidity

39
Q

Psychopathy and treatment: We still don’t fully “know” what psychopathy is

A

> Not a single disorder but actually a “dimensional configuration of traits”(Polaschek & Daly, 2013)

> Essential to differentiate between PP and SP – “failure to account for these variants… may dilute or conceal differential treatment effects” (Polaschek& Daly, 2013)

40
Q

Psychopathy and treatment: What should be included in the diagnosis even?

A

> Adaptive aspects?
Adverse aspects?
Are criminal and AS behaviour part of the disorder or a symptom of it?

41
Q

How to treat psychopathy?

A

> Only recently accepted that offenders are treatable

> Best to view PCL-R diagnosis as indicative of a high-risk offender and therefore should receive intensive treatment

> How is treatment judged? affected by psychopathy?

42
Q

Background to controversy with psychopathy treatment

A

> Typically considered unlikely (Cleckley, 1941)

> Various studies demonstrated that psychopaths not treatable or even made them worse (Rice et al.,1992)

> But multiple confounding/unaccounted for factors – precise mechanism impossible to define

> Other studies – issues with methodology and contradictory findings (Seta & Barbaree 1999; Barbaree,2005; Looman et al., 2005)

> Very few studies – different levels of scrutiny (randomised control trials probably impossible)

43
Q

Psychopathy and Crime

A

> Key predictor in violent offending

> Factor 2 is more predictive (unstable antisocial lifestyle) than Factor 1 (Affective and Interpersonal) (Leistico etal., 2008; Coid et al., 2008)

> 3 ½ times more likely to commit violent crimes(Hare & McPherson, 1984

> Psychopaths more likely to commit violent crimes for material gain while non-psychopaths motivated by strong emotional arousa

> More likely to reoffend and at a quicker rate (Hart,Kropp and Hare, 1988; Harris, Rice and Cormier,1991)

> Psychopathic murderers are much more likely to have committed predatory premeditated murder.

44
Q

Psychopathy and sexual offending

A

> Olver & Wong (2006) studied psychopathy and recidivism in a sample of federally incarcerated sex offenders

> Rapists and mixed offenders had higher total and Factor 2 psychopathy scores than child molesters and incest offenders.

> PCL-R weak predictor of sexual recidivism but predicted non sexual violent recidivism and general recidivism

45
Q

Psychopathy and criminal responsibility

A

> Are psychopaths fully criminally responsible for their actions? (defence?)

> Can they understand court proceedings? (fit to plead)

> Is psychopathy a mitigating or aggravating factor that should be considered when sentencing?

> Is the crime relevant?

46
Q

Does diagnosis of P have a prejudicial effect on jurors in capital punishment cases?:Edens et al. (2003)

A

> Pts significantly more likely to support the death sentence when offender was described as having psychopathic traits

> The extent to which pts considered the offender to have psychopathic traits also significantly predicted support of the death penalty despite mitigating factors (adverse childhood)

47
Q

Does diagnosis of P have a prejudicial effect on jurors in capital punishment cases?: Cox et al. (2013)

A

Defendants evaluated as being higher in psychopathic traits, more likely to be given the death sentence

48
Q

Does diagnosis of P have a prejudicial effect on jurors in capital punishment cases?:Edens et al. (2005)

A

> Expert testimony – when psychopathy, 60% of participants supported the DP, compared to psychotic (30%) or not mentally disordered (38%)

> Defendant is being put to death not for the offence but because of psychopathic traits

49
Q

Does diagnosis of P have a prejudicial effect on jurors in capital punishment cases?: Lloyd et al. (2010)

A

PCL-R scores were related to trial outcome with regards to treatability

Individual differences and Crime (9 decks)

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