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Individual differences and Crime > Pro-environmental values > Flashcards

Pro-environmental values Flashcards

1
Q

Climate Change

A
  • Informed by over 50 years of empirical evidence
  • Have concluded climate change influenced by human activity
  • Poses considerable threat to life on Earth (Hodson,2017)
  • Majority of scientists express urgency in limiting climate change to secure quality of life on Earth (Maibach, Myers, & Leiserowitz, 2014; Ripple et al., 2017)
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2
Q

A role for Psychology in Climate Change?

A
  • Risk perception (E.g., Chan, 2018)
  • Psychological distance (E.g., Loy & Spence, 2020)
  • Models of behaviour change (E.g., Mancha & Yoder,2015)
  • Personality (E.g., Milfont & Sibley, 2012);– Values
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3
Q

Dark Personality

A
  • Paulhus & Williams, 2002)
  • Machiavellianism
  • Narcissism
  • Psychopathy
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4
Q

Light Personality

A
  • Kaufman et al., 2019)
  • Kantianism* Humanism
  • Faith in humanity
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5
Q

Dark and Light Personality

A
  • Dark triad personality traits negatively correlate with pro-environmental behavior (e.g., Huang etal., 2019)
  • Light personality traits positively correlate with pro-environmental behaviour (Kesenheimer &Greimeyer
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6
Q

What are Values?

A

Desirable transactional goals that vary in importance, serve as guiding principles of our behaviour and that of others(Schwartz, 1992)

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7
Q

3 key factors of Values?

A
  • Beliefs about desirability or un-desirability of certain end-states
  • Are abstract constructs, which transcend specific situations
  • Serve as guiding principles for the evaluation of people and events
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8
Q

Values are ideal for understanding environmental behaviour

A
  • Economically efficient instrument for distinguishing and explaining individual differences in people
  • Considered abstract, influencing attitudes and behaviour, can be utilised to predic tbehaviours in different contexts (Seligman & Katz, 1996)
  • Provide a stable and relatively enduring basis for attitudes and behaviours (Stern,Dietz, Kalfo & Guagano, 1995)

-The relationship between pro-environmental attitudes and environmental behaviours is well-documented (Olander, 2006)

-Form the basis for value theories of environmental behaviour

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9
Q

Social value orientations(SVO)

A
  • Origins of theory lie in social dilemma research–

-Extent to which people are concerned about their own and others’ payoff in situations of dilemma (Messick& McClintock, 1968)

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10
Q

Cooperative SVO

A

Individuals are motivated by a desire to maximise outcomes

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11
Q

Individual SVO

A

Motivated by a desire to maximise own positive outcome,holding no concern for the outcome of others

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12
Q

Competitive SVO

A

Seek to maximise own positive outcomes in relation tothose of others

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13
Q

Decomposed game technique (Liebrand, 1984)

A
  • Different SVOs been determined through the use of the ‘decomposed game technique

-These require participants to choose between options that offer points to them and other individual

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14
Q

SVO supporting evidence

A
  • Evidence found revealing a relationship between SVO theory and environmental beliefs, norms, and behavior
  • Pro-social values are positively related to pro-environmental behavior
  • Pro-self values are negatively related to pro-environmental behaviour(Joireman, Lasane, Bennett, Richards & Solaimaini, 2001)
  • No significant relationship to (Joireman, van Lange & van Vogt, 2004)
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15
Q

Schwartz’ Value Theory (1992,1994)

A
  • Proposes a ‘taxonomy’ of 56 values
  • Each of these covered in a psychometric measure
  • Respondents required to value each item on a 9-point scale of their importance as a ‘guiding principle in their life’

-Through data collected on this from 44 countries, identified 10 motivational types

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16
Q

Schwartz’ Value Theory (1992,1994)- Motivation types

A

Stimulation: Seeks novelty, excitement, and challenges

Self-direction: Values independence of thought and action

Power: Values social status and prestige, commonlyholding a desire to control people and /or resources

Achievement: Values personal success and achievement,seeks to demonstrate competence

Hedonism: Primary goal of enjoying life

Universalism: Values appreciation and respect of others, seeking to protect the larger society and environment over their own self-interests

Benevolence: Seeks to maximize the wellbeing of those individuals close to them

Tradition: Values the customs of society, respects tradition

Conformity: Seeks to avoid actions that are likely to upset social norms or the ‘status quo’

Security: Prioritises safety and the stability of society, relationships, andoneself.

17
Q

Schwartz’ Value Theory- Motivativational type: Power

A

Definition: social status and prestige, control over other people and resources

Common values: wealth, authority

18
Q

Schwartz’ Value Theory- Motivativational type: Universalism

A

Definition: Understanding, appreciation, tolerance and protection fort he welfare of all people and for nature

Common values: social cohesiveness, broadminded, protectenvironmen

19
Q

Schwartz’ Value Theory- Circmplex

A
  • The closer the types are in the circumplex,the more compatible they are
  • Schwartz states: values alone have little meaning, but rather, reflect the relative priority of values concerning others
  • This is seen to provide a clearer value structure
20
Q

Schwartz’ Value Theory: First dimension

A
  • Openness to change v conservativism
  • Openness to new things, ideas, experiences & adherence to ‘ritualistic’ patterns of behavior
21
Q

Schwartz’ Value Theory: Second dimension

A

Distinguishes values that stress the importance of others to those that emphasise self-interest

22
Q

Schwartz’ Value Theory: Third dimension

A
  • Self-transcendence v self enhancement
  • Altruistic V egoistic
  • Can be compared to pro-social v pro-self of SVO theory
23
Q

Schwartz (2012)

A

Interaction of distinct values may manifest:

  • Power & Achievement: social superiority and esteem
  • Achievement & Hedonism: Self-centred satisfaction seeking
  • Benevolence & universalism: enhancement of other sand transcendence from selfish interests
  • Benevolence and tradition: devotion to one’s group
24
Q

Schwartz’ Value Theory: Supporting evidence

A

The pro-self versus pro-social dimension is important in explaining environmental beliefs, norms and behaviors

(Eg: Stern, Diet & guagano, 1998; de Groot & Steg, 2008; Nordlund &Garville, 2002)

25
Q

Personality and values 1

A
  • Machiavalianism & narcissism – positive related to achievement and power
  • Psychopathy related to hedonism and power(Jonason et al., 2020)
  • Dark triad traits negatively related to benevolence(Kaufman et al., 2019)
  • Light personality traits associated with: Self-transcendence (+) and Self-enhancement (-)
26
Q

Personality and values 2

A
  • Self-transcendence and openness to change both + predictors of pro-environmental behaviour
  • Self-enhancement and conservativism both negative predictors of pro-environmental behavior (Karp, 1996)

-Nordlund & Garville (2002): ‘high self-transcendence more aware of threat to the environment, stronger moral obligation

27
Q

How do values affect environmental behaviour?

A
  • Valuing nature may influence behavior in different ways – same value may illicit different (perhaps opposite) behaviors
  • Behaviour-specific attributes are stronger predictors of behaviour (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993)
  • Research shown values do influence behavior, but indirectly (deGroot & Steg, 2007)
  • Values therefore likely to be more influential in specific situations
  • Possible to focus attention towards them to increase their influence
  • An effective method: emphasise the values central to the self (thus eliciting self-focus and reflection (Verplanken & Hollan, 2002
  • Promote value congruent actions by providing cognitive support for them – enables individual to provide explanations for their values, which increases their salience (Maio & Olson, 1998

Individual differences and Crime (9 decks)

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