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BIOMG 1350 > The Cytoskeleton and Molecular Motors > Flashcards

The Cytoskeleton and Molecular Motors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three filament systems that provide shape and structures to cells?

A
  • Microfillaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
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2
Q

What is the primary function of microfilaments such as actin?

A

Microfilaments help serve as contracticle machinery and network at the cell cortex

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3
Q

What is the primary function of microtubules such as alpha beta-Tubulin dimer?

A

Microtubules help with the organization and long-range transport of organelles

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4
Q

What is the primary function of intermediate filaments?

A

Intermediate filaments helps with cell and tissue integrity

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5
Q

Cetrosome serves as a […]

A

Centrome serves as a MTOC (microtubule organizing center)

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6
Q

Microtubules are hollow tubes of […]

A

Microtubules are hollow tubes of alpha,beta-tubulin

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7
Q

Microtubules usually grow out of an […]

A

Microtubules usually grow out of an MTOC

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8
Q

Tubulins are […] proteins

A

Tubulins are GTP-binding proteins (but not “small GTPases”)

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9
Q

The GTP in beta-tubulin is slowly […] to GDP once incorporated into microtubules

A

The GTP in beta-tubulin is slowly hydrolyzed to GDP once incorporated into microtubules

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10
Q

GTP-bound tubulin is more stably associated with microtubules than is […], which allows microtubules to dynamically grow and shrink

A

GTP-bound tubulin is more stably associated with microtubules than is GDP-bound tubulin, which allows microtubules to dynamically grow and shrink

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11
Q

Microtubule plus ends can be stabilized in cells by […]

A

Microtubule plus ends can be stabilized in cells by binding to certain proteins

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12
Q

How is cargo transported along a nerve cell axon?

A

Microtubules transport cargo along a nerve cell

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13
Q

The motos that help with organelle movement use the energy of […] to move cargos

A

The motos that help with organelle movement use the energy of ATP hydrolysis (ATP -> ADP + Pi) to move cargos

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14
Q

Motor proteins move along microtubules using their […]

A

Motor proteins move along microtubules using their globular ends

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15
Q

Different […] transport different cargos

A

Different motor proteins transport different cargos

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16
Q

What is responsible for arragning organelles in eukaryotic cells?

A

Microtubule motors arrange organelles in eukaryotic cells

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17
Q

Kinesin motors move […] towards the periphery (edges) of the cell

A

Kinesin motors move ER tubules towards the periphery (edges) of the cell

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18
Q

Dyenin motors move […] towards the center of teh cell

A

Dyenin motors move Golgi membranes towards the center of the cell

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19
Q

What are the 4 primary compenents of Kinesin structure?

A
  1. Two ATP-binding motor domain heads
  2. Neck linker
  3. Coiled-coil dimerization region
  4. Cargo-binding tail
20
Q

Kinesin couples […] to conformational change

A

Kinesin couples ATP hydrolysis to conformational change

21
Q

Kinesin hyrolyzes […] for each step along a microtubule

A

Kinesin hyrolyzes one ATP for each step along a microtubule

22
Q

What are the two key differences between Kinesine’s ATP and ADP binding?

A
  1. Affinity of head for MT is low if ADP bound and is high for ATP bound or if there is no nucleotide
  2. Position of neck linker relative to motor head is different
23
Q

Kinesine is a highly […] motor

A

Kinesine is a highly processive motor

24
Q

What does processive mean?

A

Processive means that it can take many steps without dissociating from the microtubule. It can do this because one head is always firmly bound as it steps down a microtubule

25
Kinesin can transport cargo over **[...]** distances
Kinesin can transport cargo over **long** distances
26
What allows processive movement of kinesin?
Coordination between heads allows processive movement
27
Actin filaments are **[...]**
Actin filaments are **thin, flexible protein threads**
28
Actin filaments grow at the **[...]** end of the filament
Actin filaments grow at the **plus** end of the filament
29
The ATP that is bound to actin is slowly hydrolyzed to **[...]**
The ATP that is bound to actin is slowly hydrolyzed to **ADP**
30
Actin monomers dissociate from the **[...]** end
Actin monomers dissociate from the **minus** end
31
In cells, polymerization is controlled by **[...]**
In cells, polymerization is controlled by **actin nucleator proteins**
32
Some actin structures are regulated by **[...]**
Some actin structures are regulated by **small GTPases (aka "monomeric GTPases")**
33
Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 are different **[...]** - when activated they regulate other **[...]** that interact with actin, resulting in these different morphologies
Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 are different **small GTPase proteins** - when activated they regulate other **proteins** that interact with actin, resulting in these different morphologies
34
Actin-Binding Proteins **[...]** of actin filaments
Actin-Binding Proteins **control the behavior** of actin filaments
35
What does multinucleate mean?
Multinucleate means that there are more than one nucleus per cell
36
During development many **[...]** fuse together to become very big
During development many **muscle progenitor** fuse together to become very big
37
What are the contractile units of muscle?
Sarcomeres are the contractile units of muscle
38
Myosin molecules **[...]** to form bipolar myosin filaments
Myosin molecules **associate** to form bipolar myosin filaments
39
All actin dependent motors belong to the **[...]** family
All actin dependent motors belong to the **myosin** family
40
Muscle myosin belongs to the **[...]** subfamily
Muscle myosin belongs to the **myosin-II** subfamily
41
Each myosin head walks along actin filaments due to a cycle of **[...]**
Each myosin head walks along actin filaments due to a cycle of **ATP binding and hydrolysis**
42
Why is myosins walk along actin filaments not considered processive?
It's not processive because each motor head works independently
43
ATP binding causes **[...]** to release from actin filament
ATP binding causes **myosin** to release from actin filament
44
What are the steps that Myosin takes to walk along actin filament?
1. ATP binding causes myosin to release from the actin filament 2. ATP hydrolysis causes conformation chane, myosin head moves 3. The myosin binds to a new position on actin filament 4. The phosphate is released, which results in another conformation change (power stroke), which moves the actin filament relative to the myosin filament 5. ADP is then released and myosin remains attached to the actin filament ready for another cycle
45
Muscles contract by a **[...]** mechanism
Muscles contract by a **sliding filament** mechanism

BIOMG 1350 (6 decks)

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