The creation of the Kingdom of Italy - 1856 -1861

Question 1

What was the National society?

Answer 1

A group of exiles in Piedmont that promoted unified Italy.

Question 2

How many members were there of the National society by 1857?

Answer 2

8 000

Question 3

Which leaders did Cavour meet with and when?

Answer 3

1856 - met with Daniel Manin

Also met with Garibaldi to discuss war with Austria

Question 4

When was the Plombieres agreement?

Answer 4

1858

Question 5

What were the terms? (7)

Answer 5

1 Austria were the aggressors
2 Italy would be in 4 territories
3 France got Nice and Savoy in exchange for 200 000 soldiers
4 deal made with the marriage of VEs daughter Marie Clotilde (15 yrs old) to the middle aged Jerome Bonaparte

Question 6

Were Austria prepared for war?

Answer 6

Commanded by nobles
Took 10 days to mobilise
Troops left in Hungary

90 000 troops

Question 7

Were Piedmont/ France prepared for war?

Answer 7

Piedmontese were reluctant to engage with war - wanted french to fight
Arrived by train before supplies did, so many died of exposure pre battle

Question 8

Describe the battle of Magenta

Answer 8

• French won
• no Piedmontese casualties
• pushed Austria back

Question 9

How did Magenta affect the relationship with France?

Answer 9

It was strengthened due to victory

piedmont were indebted to them

Question 10

Describe Solferino

Answer 10

Large no. of french casualties
French victory
Armistice signed between Napoleon III and Austria

Question 11

Why was Cavour angry about the result?

Answer 11

Plombieres agreement not met

Piedmont not invited to Armistice/ treaty of Villafranca

Question 12

Who was Ricasoli?

Answer 12

He was a Baron in Tuscany who supported unification

Created a provisional government in 1859

Question 13

Who organised peaceful protest in Parma/Modena in 1859?

Answer 13

The National Society

Question 14

Who led the provisional governments set up in Parma and Modena in 1859?

Answer 14

Farini - he had close links to Turin so it was almost a Piedmontese colony

Question 15

Why did these Provisional governments become successful at this time?

Answer 15

Austria engaged with 2nd war of independence

Austria is weakened increasing chance of victory

Question 16

Why did Napoleon III sue for peace with Austria?

Answer 16

• high French casualty rates and only 1 doctor per 500 casualties
• piedmont lacked equipment and expertise
• the formidable quadrilateral
• belief that the Plombieres agreement was not being met
• risk of Prussia joining

Question 17

What was agreed at Villafranca?

Answer 17

Lombardy to France
Rulers restored to the Duchies
Italian Confederation with pope at head formed

Question 18

What treaty formally ended the war?

Answer 18

The treaty of Zurich

Question 19

When did Cavour return to office?

Answer 19

January 1860

Question 20

How were the duchies annexed to piedmont?

Answer 20

Plebiscites

Question 21

When did Garibaldi meet Mazzini?

Answer 21

1831 (start of Young Italy)

Question 22

How did the red shirts promote nationalism?

Answer 22

Made by seamstresses across the peninsula

Represented Italian nationalism

Question 23

What warfare did Garibaldi use?

Answer 23

Guerrilla

Question 24

Why was it surprising that Garibaldi offered Charles Albert his services in 1849?

Answer 24

He was a republican

Question 25

Where did Garibaldi learn Guerrilla warfare?

Answer 25

Fought with the Uruguayan army against Argentina

Question 26

What was garibaldi’s role in the 1859 war?

Answer 26

Given control of 3 000 men
The Alpine campaign was successful in pressurising Austrian troops at lake Como, only successful Italian regiment in the war

Question 27

Where did garibaldi and his thousand set sail for in 1860?

Answer 27

Sicily

Question 28

What did garibaldi appoint himself after a win at Palermo?

Answer 28

Dictator of Sicily

Question 29

Why did garibaldi suppress peasant revolts?

Answer 29

To stabilise Sicily so he could take on Naples

Question 30

Why was Cavour concerned about Garibaldi’s Rome or death campaign?

Answer 30

Fear of upsetting Catholic France

Question 31

What happened at Teano?

Answer 31

Garibaldi handed over the south to VE II

Question 32

How was the annexation of all these areas justified?

Answer 32

Plebiscites

Question 33

What were some of the problems with the way Italy was unified?

Answer 33

• fast paced
• steep economic and social differences between north and south
• didn’t consider garibaldi’s promise of Land Reform for the peasants creating discontent and resentment towards Piedmont