Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy - 1861 - 1870

Question 1

Where did France propose the capital was moved to in exchange for withdrawing their troops from Rome?
What did this result in?

Answer 1

From Turin to Florence

Riots in Turin with 23 deaths

Question 2

When did Cavour die and what of?

Answer 2

1861 - Malaria

Question 3

Who succeeded him? (In order)

Answer 3

Ricosoli, Ratazzi, Farini, Minghetti, La Mamora

Question 4

Why were these new PMs not as good as Cavour?

Answer 4

Lack of support from VE II

Weak parliamentary discipline

Question 5

How did Mazzini describe unified Italy

Answer 5

‘A sham’

Question 6

How much of the population could vote?

Answer 6

2% - male, literate, middle class from the north

Question 7

In what ways was Italy successfully unified?

Answer 7

• unified justice system, legal codes, only excluding Tuscany
• Italian Army , modernised under Prussian guidance
• unified navy
• unified education system

Question 8

How could you describe the co existence of the church and state in Italy (1860s) ?

Answer 8

Fractious cohabitation

Question 9

What was the syllabus of errors and when was it published?

Answer 9

1864
- it claimed that the church would retain autonomy over educati, culture and science, and rejected any forward thinking ideas eg) evolution and religious tolerance

Question 10

What was papal infabillity?

Answer 10

Published in 1859 it proclaimed the religious supremacy of the pope

Question 11

Why was the 1859 Casati Law unsuitable in the south?

Answer 11

It made primary education compulsory and yet the majority of the south was illiterate

Question 12

What was Piedmontisation?

Answer 12

The imposition of Piedmontese law and systems over the entire peninsula

Question 13

Why was Piedmontisation unsuitable for southern Italy?

Answer 13

• attack on Church decreased charitable aid, which was relied upon by many in the south
• judicial system was corrupted by the mafia

Question 14

What did Mack Smith say about Piedmontisation?

Answer 14

“reinforced the impression that one region had conquered the rest”

Question 15

Where in the Peninsula did some regional autonomy remain?

Answer 15

Tuscany - Ricasoli retained some power in the short term

Question 16

What were Brigands?

Answer 16

bandits living in the mountains during the napoleonic wars.

Question 17

Who ended up a Brigand in the 1860s

Answer 17

Men avoiding conscription (25000 went to avoid it)

Ex bourbon soldiers

Question 18

How many troops were sent to deal with brigandage?

Answer 18

120 000

Question 19

How many brigands were in the mountains by 1862?

Answer 19

82 000

Question 20

How did the piedmontese deal with Brigandage?

Answer 20

• shot without trial
• burning towns and villages
• imprison relatives
• neutrals treated as criminals
• harsh treatment of farm labourers

Question 21

When was the flour tax introduced?

Answer 21

1865

Question 22

Why was the flour tax unpopular?

Answer 22

Bread was the staple food of the poor

Question 23

When was the Grist tax (corn milling tax) reintroduced?

Answer 23

1868

Question 24

What did this result in?

Answer 24

250 deaths and 1 000 injured in riots

Question 25

What % of yearly produce was used for debt repayment in the late 1860s?

Answer 25

30% - due to height interest loans from foreigners

Question 26

What did economist Nassau Senior say about agriculture in the 1860s?

Answer 26

‘Production was the same as the time of the Roman Empire’

Question 27

What percentage of those employed in industry were women and children?

Answer 27

80%

Question 28

When was the Mount Cenis tunnel completed and what was its impact?

Answer 28

1871 - created trade between northern Italy and France | Dual economy

Question 29

When was the Italian Freedom Association founded? | Who was it’s first president in 1862?

Answer 29

1861 Garibaldi

Question 30

What did Bismarck (the Prussian minister) and Napoleon III in 1865?

Answer 30

That the French would remain neutral in any war

Question 31

When did Italy declare war on Austria?

Answer 31

June 1866 - 4 days after Prussia

Question 32

What was the problem with many of the Italian leaders?

Answer 32

They had reached their position using corruption and bribery eg) general Persano

Question 33

Which italian ship was lost at the battle of Lissa ?

Answer 33

Re d’Italia ( the pride of the Italian navy)

Question 34

How did Italy get Venetia?

Answer 34

A treaty between France and Austria ensured France Venetia after the war, which they then gave to Italy.

Question 35

What did Crispi write in 1866 that communicates many Italian opinions

Answer 35

To be Italian was something we once longed for, now in the present circumstances it is shameful

Question 36

When did the government move to Tuscany?

Answer 36

1865

Question 37

When did the French leave Rome?

Answer 37

December 1866

Question 38

When did the French return to Rome?

Answer 38

1867 after Garibaldi tried to seize it again

Question 39

How did the Franco Prussian war allow Italy to seize Rome?

Answer 39

France withdrew troops from Rome to fight Prussia PM Lanza gained agreement with Catholic Spain and Austria to send troops into Rome

Question 40

How many Italian and Papal troops were killed?

Answer 40

49 Italian 19 Papal

Question 41

How did they justify annexation of Rome to Piedmont?

Answer 41

Plebiscite

Question 42

What did Pius IX declare himself?

Answer 42

A prisoner of the Vatican

Question 43

What are some economic implications of unification?

Answer 43

``` Collapse of southern silk industry due to removal of tariffs Higher taxation (grist) ```

Question 44

What are some social implications of unification?

Answer 44

Increased poverty High infant mortality 50% of children died before reaching 5 years old High emigration in 1871 120 000 left

Question 45

What did the state issue to try and appease the church? How did it appease the international community?

Answer 45

The Law of Guarantees - which gave the pope the status of a monarch Demonstrated that the church was respected and its rights protected

Question 46

What is irredentism?

Answer 46

The idea of reclaiming a homeland or territory

Question 47

Describe the government in 1871

Answer 47

- 2.2% could vote - 60% used their vote as catholics boycotted - no party system

Question 48

What were some of the irredentist goals?

Answer 48

- reclaim nice and savoy | - reclaim some areas under Hapsburg control eg) Trieste

Question 49

how many monasteries were closed after the syllabus of errors (1864)?

Answer 49

2382 - many destitute southern families relied upon their charity and the money was used to fund the ineffective casati laws

Question 50

Pisca Laws 1863

Answer 50

used by piedmontese to persecute brigands, very harsh eg) burned villages and arrested relatives/ neutrals

Question 51

How did Ferrara describe the Brigands in his parliamentary adress in 1862?

Answer 51

'demigods' - reflected a northern distaste for piedmontisation

Question 52

What did the Latfundia do by 1866?

Answer 52

removed shared ownership of land

Question 53

What occurred after the Schleswig-Holstein affair?

Answer 53

Prussia and Italy recognised Austria as their common enemy

Question 54

What did Bismark (Prussia) agree with France in 1865?

Answer 54

France remained neutral in any war

Question 55

What did General Govone secure for Italy as a contribution to the war (secured during 1866 visit to Berlin)

Answer 55

Venetia

Question 56

How was the 1866 war an embarrassment for Italy?

Answer 56

General Persano lost 3 ships at Lissa (including the re d'Italia - pride of the navy) decreased nationalism due to Italian failure

Question 57

The September Convention

Answer 57

1864 - French withdrew troops from Rome in 2 years if capital moved from Turin to Florence returned in 1867 after Garibaldi attacks Rome

Question 58

Garibaldi's 'party of action' 1862

Answer 58

injured and arrested when attempted to take Rome

Question 59

The Franco Prussian war

Answer 59

1870/71 - France withdrew troops from Rome | September 1870 occupied Rome after VE II informed catholic powers

Question 60

1871 Law of Guarentees

Answer 60

gave the pope monarch status