Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy - 1861 - 1870 Flashcards
Where did France propose the capital was moved to in exchange for withdrawing their troops from Rome?
What did this result in?
From Turin to Florence
Riots in Turin with 23 deaths
When did Cavour die and what of?
1861 - Malaria
Who succeeded him? (In order)
Ricosoli, Ratazzi, Farini, Minghetti, La Mamora
Why were these new PMs not as good as Cavour?
Lack of support from VE II
Weak parliamentary discipline
How did Mazzini describe unified Italy
‘A sham’
How much of the population could vote?
2% - male, literate, middle class from the north
In what ways was Italy successfully unified?
- unified justice system, legal codes, only excluding Tuscany
- Italian Army , modernised under Prussian guidance
- unified navy
- unified education system
How could you describe the co existence of the church and state in Italy (1860s) ?
Fractious cohabitation
What was the syllabus of errors and when was it published?
1864
- it claimed that the church would retain autonomy over educati, culture and science, and rejected any forward thinking ideas eg) evolution and religious tolerance
What was papal infabillity?
Published in 1859 it proclaimed the religious supremacy of the pope
Why was the 1859 Casati Law unsuitable in the south?
It made primary education compulsory and yet the majority of the south was illiterate
What was Piedmontisation?
The imposition of Piedmontese law and systems over the entire peninsula
Why was Piedmontisation unsuitable for southern Italy?
- attack on Church decreased charitable aid, which was relied upon by many in the south
- judicial system was corrupted by the mafia
What did Mack Smith say about Piedmontisation?
“reinforced the impression that one region had conquered the rest”
Where in the Peninsula did some regional autonomy remain?
Tuscany - Ricasoli retained some power in the short term
What were Brigands?
bandits living in the mountains during the napoleonic wars.
Who ended up a Brigand in the 1860s
Men avoiding conscription (25000 went to avoid it)
Ex bourbon soldiers
How many troops were sent to deal with brigandage?
120 000
How many brigands were in the mountains by 1862?
82 000
How did the piedmontese deal with Brigandage?
- shot without trial
- burning towns and villages
- imprison relatives
- neutrals treated as criminals
- harsh treatment of farm labourers
When was the flour tax introduced?
1865
Why was the flour tax unpopular?
Bread was the staple food of the poor
When was the Grist tax (corn milling tax) reintroduced?
1868
What did this result in?
250 deaths and 1 000 injured in riots
What % of yearly produce was used for debt repayment in the late 1860s?
30% - due to height interest loans from foreigners
What did economist Nassau Senior say about agriculture in the 1860s?
‘Production was the same as the time of the Roman Empire’
What percentage of those employed in industry were women and children?
80%
When was the Mount Cenis tunnel completed and what was its impact?
1871 - created trade between northern Italy and France
Dual economy
When was the Italian Freedom Association founded?
Who was it’s first president in 1862?
1861
Garibaldi
What did Bismarck (the Prussian minister) and Napoleon III in 1865?
That the French would remain neutral in any war
When did Italy declare war on Austria?
June 1866 - 4 days after Prussia
What was the problem with many of the Italian leaders?
They had reached their position using corruption and bribery eg) general Persano
Which italian ship was lost at the battle of Lissa ?
Re d’Italia ( the pride of the Italian navy)
How did Italy get Venetia?
A treaty between France and Austria ensured France Venetia after the war, which they then gave to Italy.
What did Crispi write in 1866 that communicates many Italian opinions
To be Italian was something we once longed for, now in the present circumstances it is shameful
When did the government move to Tuscany?
1865
When did the French leave Rome?
December 1866
When did the French return to Rome?
1867 after Garibaldi tried to seize it again
How did the Franco Prussian war allow Italy to seize Rome?
France withdrew troops from Rome to fight Prussia
PM Lanza gained agreement with Catholic Spain and Austria to send troops into Rome
How many Italian and Papal troops were killed?
49 Italian 19 Papal
How did they justify annexation of Rome to Piedmont?
Plebiscite
What did Pius IX declare himself?
A prisoner of the Vatican
What are some economic implications of unification?
Collapse of southern silk industry due to removal of tariffs Higher taxation (grist)
What are some social implications of unification?
Increased poverty
High infant mortality 50% of children died before reaching 5 years old
High emigration in 1871 120 000 left
What did the state issue to try and appease the church?
How did it appease the international community?
The Law of Guarantees - which gave the pope the status of a monarch
Demonstrated that the church was respected and its rights protected
What is irredentism?
The idea of reclaiming a homeland or territory
Describe the government in 1871
- 2.2% could vote
- 60% used their vote as catholics boycotted
- no party system
What were some of the irredentist goals?
- reclaim nice and savoy
- reclaim some areas under Hapsburg control eg) Trieste
how many monasteries were closed after the syllabus of errors (1864)?
2382 - many destitute southern families relied upon their charity and the money was used to fund the ineffective casati laws
Pisca Laws 1863
used by piedmontese to persecute brigands, very harsh eg) burned villages and arrested relatives/ neutrals
How did Ferrara describe the Brigands in his parliamentary adress in 1862?
‘demigods’ - reflected a northern distaste for piedmontisation
What did the Latfundia do by 1866?
removed shared ownership of land
What occurred after the Schleswig-Holstein affair?
Prussia and Italy recognised Austria as their common enemy
What did Bismark (Prussia) agree with France in 1865?
France remained neutral in any war
What did General Govone secure for Italy as a contribution to the war (secured during 1866 visit to Berlin)
Venetia
How was the 1866 war an embarrassment for Italy?
General Persano lost 3 ships at Lissa (including the re d’Italia - pride of the navy)
decreased nationalism due to Italian failure
The September Convention
1864 - French withdrew troops from Rome in 2 years if capital moved from Turin to Florence
returned in 1867 after Garibaldi attacks Rome
Garibaldi’s ‘party of action’ 1862
injured and arrested when attempted to take Rome
The Franco Prussian war
1870/71 - France withdrew troops from Rome
September 1870 occupied Rome after VE II informed catholic powers
1871 Law of Guarentees
gave the pope monarch status
