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Italy 1830 - 1870 > Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy - 1861 - 1870 > Flashcards

Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy - 1861 - 1870 Flashcards

1
Q

Where did France propose the capital was moved to in exchange for withdrawing their troops from Rome?
What did this result in?

A

From Turin to Florence

Riots in Turin with 23 deaths

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2
Q

When did Cavour die and what of?

A

1861 - Malaria

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3
Q

Who succeeded him? (In order)

A

Ricosoli, Ratazzi, Farini, Minghetti, La Mamora

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4
Q

Why were these new PMs not as good as Cavour?

A

Lack of support from VE II

Weak parliamentary discipline

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5
Q

How did Mazzini describe unified Italy

A

‘A sham’

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6
Q

How much of the population could vote?

A

2% - male, literate, middle class from the north

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7
Q

In what ways was Italy successfully unified?

A
  • unified justice system, legal codes, only excluding Tuscany
  • Italian Army , modernised under Prussian guidance
  • unified navy
  • unified education system
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8
Q

How could you describe the co existence of the church and state in Italy (1860s) ?

A

Fractious cohabitation

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9
Q

What was the syllabus of errors and when was it published?

A

1864
- it claimed that the church would retain autonomy over educati, culture and science, and rejected any forward thinking ideas eg) evolution and religious tolerance

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10
Q

What was papal infabillity?

A

Published in 1859 it proclaimed the religious supremacy of the pope

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11
Q

Why was the 1859 Casati Law unsuitable in the south?

A

It made primary education compulsory and yet the majority of the south was illiterate

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12
Q

What was Piedmontisation?

A

The imposition of Piedmontese law and systems over the entire peninsula

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13
Q

Why was Piedmontisation unsuitable for southern Italy?

A
  • attack on Church decreased charitable aid, which was relied upon by many in the south
  • judicial system was corrupted by the mafia
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14
Q

What did Mack Smith say about Piedmontisation?

A

“reinforced the impression that one region had conquered the rest”

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15
Q

Where in the Peninsula did some regional autonomy remain?

A

Tuscany - Ricasoli retained some power in the short term

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16
Q

What were Brigands?

A

bandits living in the mountains during the napoleonic wars.

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17
Q

Who ended up a Brigand in the 1860s

A

Men avoiding conscription (25000 went to avoid it)

Ex bourbon soldiers

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18
Q

How many troops were sent to deal with brigandage?

A

120 000

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19
Q

How many brigands were in the mountains by 1862?

A

82 000

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20
Q

How did the piedmontese deal with Brigandage?

A
  • shot without trial
  • burning towns and villages
  • imprison relatives
  • neutrals treated as criminals
  • harsh treatment of farm labourers
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21
Q

When was the flour tax introduced?

A

1865

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22
Q

Why was the flour tax unpopular?

A

Bread was the staple food of the poor

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23
Q

When was the Grist tax (corn milling tax) reintroduced?

A

1868

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24
Q

What did this result in?

A

250 deaths and 1 000 injured in riots

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25
Q

What % of yearly produce was used for debt repayment in the late 1860s?

A

30% - due to height interest loans from foreigners

26
Q

What did economist Nassau Senior say about agriculture in the 1860s?

A

‘Production was the same as the time of the Roman Empire’

27
Q

What percentage of those employed in industry were women and children?

A

80%

28
Q

When was the Mount Cenis tunnel completed and what was its impact?

A

1871 - created trade between northern Italy and France

Dual economy

29
Q

When was the Italian Freedom Association founded?

Who was it’s first president in 1862?

A

1861

Garibaldi

30
Q

What did Bismarck (the Prussian minister) and Napoleon III in 1865?

A

That the French would remain neutral in any war

31
Q

When did Italy declare war on Austria?

A

June 1866 - 4 days after Prussia

32
Q

What was the problem with many of the Italian leaders?

A

They had reached their position using corruption and bribery eg) general Persano

33
Q

Which italian ship was lost at the battle of Lissa ?

A

Re d’Italia ( the pride of the Italian navy)

34
Q

How did Italy get Venetia?

A

A treaty between France and Austria ensured France Venetia after the war, which they then gave to Italy.

35
Q

What did Crispi write in 1866 that communicates many Italian opinions

A

To be Italian was something we once longed for, now in the present circumstances it is shameful

36
Q

When did the government move to Tuscany?

A

1865

37
Q

When did the French leave Rome?

A

December 1866

38
Q

When did the French return to Rome?

A

1867 after Garibaldi tried to seize it again

39
Q

How did the Franco Prussian war allow Italy to seize Rome?

A

France withdrew troops from Rome to fight Prussia

PM Lanza gained agreement with Catholic Spain and Austria to send troops into Rome

40
Q

How many Italian and Papal troops were killed?

A

49 Italian 19 Papal

41
Q

How did they justify annexation of Rome to Piedmont?

A

Plebiscite

42
Q

What did Pius IX declare himself?

A

A prisoner of the Vatican

43
Q

What are some economic implications of unification?

A 
Collapse of southern silk industry due to removal of tariffs
 Higher taxation (grist)
44
Q

What are some social implications of unification?

A

Increased poverty
High infant mortality 50% of children died before reaching 5 years old
High emigration in 1871 120 000 left

45
Q

What did the state issue to try and appease the church?

How did it appease the international community?

A

The Law of Guarantees - which gave the pope the status of a monarch

Demonstrated that the church was respected and its rights protected

46
Q

What is irredentism?

A

The idea of reclaiming a homeland or territory

47
Q

Describe the government in 1871

A
  • 2.2% could vote
  • 60% used their vote as catholics boycotted
  • no party system
48
Q

What were some of the irredentist goals?

A
  • reclaim nice and savoy

- reclaim some areas under Hapsburg control eg) Trieste

49
Q

how many monasteries were closed after the syllabus of errors (1864)?

A

2382 - many destitute southern families relied upon their charity and the money was used to fund the ineffective casati laws

50
Q

Pisca Laws 1863

A

used by piedmontese to persecute brigands, very harsh eg) burned villages and arrested relatives/ neutrals

51
Q

How did Ferrara describe the Brigands in his parliamentary adress in 1862?

A

‘demigods’ - reflected a northern distaste for piedmontisation

52
Q

What did the Latfundia do by 1866?

A

removed shared ownership of land

53
Q

What occurred after the Schleswig-Holstein affair?

A

Prussia and Italy recognised Austria as their common enemy

54
Q

What did Bismark (Prussia) agree with France in 1865?

A

France remained neutral in any war

55
Q

What did General Govone secure for Italy as a contribution to the war (secured during 1866 visit to Berlin)

A

Venetia

56
Q

How was the 1866 war an embarrassment for Italy?

A

General Persano lost 3 ships at Lissa (including the re d’Italia - pride of the navy)
decreased nationalism due to Italian failure

57
Q

The September Convention

A

1864 - French withdrew troops from Rome in 2 years if capital moved from Turin to Florence
returned in 1867 after Garibaldi attacks Rome

58
Q

Garibaldi’s ‘party of action’ 1862

A

injured and arrested when attempted to take Rome

59
Q

The Franco Prussian war

A

1870/71 - France withdrew troops from Rome

September 1870 occupied Rome after VE II informed catholic powers

60
Q

1871 Law of Guarentees

A

gave the pope monarch status

Italy 1830 - 1870 (4 decks)

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