Challenges to restored order & failed revolution - 1815 - 1848 Flashcards
What year was the Congress of Vienna?
1815
What year was there insurrection in Modena, Parma and The Papal States?
1831
What happened in Modena 1831?
Enrico Misley promised Francis IV leadership of Italy if he supported revolt.
Told Austrians
In his absence a provisional government was set up
SQUASHED BY AUSTRIA
What happened in the Papal States 1831 revolt?
Was against the Catholic Church
Bologna provisional government was set up - which had an elected assembly and reformed financial/legal systems.
SQUASHED BY THE AUSTRIANS
What happened in Parma 1831?
Riots against Duchess Marie-Louise demanding a constitution
She fled to Austria
Provisional government was set up
SQUASHED BY AUSTRIANS
What were the reasons for failure in the 31/32 revolutions?
Localised No interstate organisation Too reliant on secret societies Moderate Middle class - political apathy of lower class Divided aims Austria No foreign friend
Who started young Italy in 1831?
Mazzini
What were some of Mazzini’s successes?
Organised propaganda
Converted Garibaldi
Mazzini’s failure?
Alienated rich due to republican stance, and poor because his ideals were too intellectual
Absent from Italy for 40 years - became out of touch
Most revolts failed
Who wrote ‘The hopes for Italy’ in 1844 and what did it campaign for?
Balbo - a federation
Who was elected in 1846?
Pope Pius IX
Balbo supported which movement in the late 1830s?
Albertisti
Who wrote primato in 1843 and what did it stress?
Gioberti- argued for neo guelphism and a federation
When did people shout ‘o Sommo Pio’ and why?
1846 because he freed political prisoners
What were Pius’s reforms across 1846/47?
Constitution Education Law Ended press censorship Elected body called the consulta
Massimo d’Azeglio - When did he publish ‘on recent events in Romagna’ and what did it argue?e
1846 - needed a foreign friend, support from upper class, Charles Albert was a viable leader
When was Pius IX elected pope?
1846
What year was Europe wide harvest failure and what did it culminate in?
1846 - hunger politics
When is the statuto issued?
1847
What does the pope do in 1849?!
Excommunicate challengers
What does he do in 1850?
Renounce all previous reform
Who becomes PM in piedmont 1852?
Cavour
What was the life expectancy in Naples in the 40s?
24
How many died in Sicily from the 1836 cholera outbreak?
65,000
Which 2 battles of 1848 war of independence were CA forces crushed at?
Custozza and Novarra
Who made up the triumvirate of the Roman republic in 1848?
Armellini, Saffi and Mazzini
What did Garibaldi promise when the French were sieging on Rome?
‘Hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles, and death’
Why did the last standing revolutionary area (The Republic of Venice) surrender?
An outbreak of cholera that killed 35,000
What did Metternich set up that checked correspondence between all the different states?
Metternich’s postal convention
Metternich stated that “Italian affairs
do not exist”
How many states under Austrian control asked for Austrian assistance during the 1831 revolts?
5/6
Custozza
July 1848
Novara
March 1849
What % spoke ‘Italian’ rather than regional dialects?
2.5% (Italian is a Tuscan dialect)
What was the impact of Roman Catholic dominance on the Italian Peninsula?
90% - received backward educations eg) geocentric teaching, limited new ideas - kept change and new ideas to a minimum
What were Sicily and Naples fighting for in 1848?
separation rather than unification
What was the aim of Young Italy?
to unite Italy in a republic and expel Austrian power
what was the aim of the liberals?
constitutional monarchy
what was the aim of the nationalists?
unite Italy under the principals of the Risorgimento
What was Gioberti’s Neo - Guelphism?
the idea that the pope would lead a united Italy
The Albertisti
led by Balbo - felt that Charles Albert could unite a prosperous Italy
Carbonari membership was
60,000
Spillo Negro wanted
to expel austrian dominance
1833 Young Italy uprising in Piedmont
12 members executed for trying to start a revolt amongst the military
Riformisti group
believed the peninsula would flourish without Austria but opposed Mazzini - creating more divides
What was The Statuto?
1848 constitution introduced by Charles Albert - created a liberal atmosphere in Piedmont
How many political refugees fled to Piedmont after the events of 1848?
30,000
when did the Northern alliance declare war on Austria?
March 22nd 1848
What did the 1848 revolutions achieve?
Sicily was joined
How many French troops were entrenched in Rome after the 1848 revolutions?
20,000
What was the long term result of French presence in Rome?
The Nationalist cause became seen as anti-clerical, and lost the support of the Catholics
What was the result of the Roman Republic
+ emblematic of the wider unification cause
- 20,000 french troops in Rome
- was short lived
When were the poor harvests that caused political apathy/ hunger among the peasant masses?
1820 + 1840
Mazzini’s ideas
\+ gave impetus to the cause of unity \+ skilful propaganda - alienating ideas - failed attempts at revolts - absent/ exiled for 40 years, out of touch with Italian affairs
