The course of the third crusade Flashcards
When did Richard and Philip II set out and where from?
4th July 1190; Vezelay
What did Richard and Philip agree before leaving Vezelay?
That all profits gained from the crusade would be divided equally
When did Richard I invade Cyprus?
4th April 1191
Where did Richard I meet Guy de Lusignan and what did he agree to?
Cyprus; support his claim to the throne of Jerusalem
What did Richard do after he had invaded Cyprus that created tension between the leaders?
Refused to share the plunder with Philip
When did Barbarossa die and how?
10th June 1190; drowned in a river
Where was Barbarossa successful in May 1190?
The Seljuk capital, Iconium
What did Richard do as soon as he landed on the coast of Acre on 8th June 1191?
Opened negotiations with Saladin
When was Acre surrendered to the crusaders?
12th July 1191
When did Philip abandon the crusade and return to France and why?
August 1191; there was a succession crisis in Flanders and he was ill
When the crusaders captured Acre, whose flag was removed from the city and on whose orders? What did this result in?
The Duchy of Austria on Richard’s orders; On return from Outremer Richard was captured (1192/3) and handed over to Leopold, who ransomed him for a crippling amount of money in 1194. Also, Leopold left the crusade in anger
Why did Philip II leave the crusade?
He was ill and he wanted to stake his claim in Flanders, because the count of Flanders had died at Acre and there was now a succession crisis
What were the terms of the Treaty of Acre?
200,000 dinars, the release of Christian prisoners and the piece of the True Cross that Saladin had
What did Richard do when Saladin refused to meet the terms of the Treaty of Acre, why and when?
August 1191; he slaughtered the Muslim prisoners taken at Acre outside the walls of the city; he could not feed them or take them with him on the march, but it also demonstrated his ruthlessness
Why was the march to Jerusalem arduous?
The Muslims constantly harassed the crusaders, using cymbals and bugles to disorientate them
How did Richard show good leadership during the march to Jerusalem, and when did the march begin?
22nd August 1191; he marched along the coast, using boats to carry supplies and the wounded, and he would swap out the garrison closest to the sea so that the soldiers inland could have a break from the constant barrage of arrows from the Muslims
How did Richard show good leadership at the Battle of Arsuf and where was Richard able to capture as a result of this battle?
He had to time the assault perfectly, but when this wasn’t possible due to two knights charging early, he allowed the whole army to charge in order to scatter the enemy, giving him a victory; Jaffa
What did Richard do because he needed the Pisan and Genoese fleets?
He acted as a negotiator between the two (each had chosen a different side in the Jerusalem succession crisis)
What was happening in Tyre while Richard was in Jaffa?
Conrad (Tyre) was making a treaty with Saladin
Who acted as a translator between Richard and Saladin, and what did Richard propose to stall for time?
Saladin’s brother, al-Adil; Richard offered his sister’s hand in marriage to al-Adil on the agreement that they could be co-rulers
What did the Military Orders persuade Richard to do on the 6th January 1192?
To turn away from Jerusalem as a viable target because he would not be able to defend it if he captured it and he would come under fire from a relief army as well as the defenders of Jerusalem, so Egypt was a better target
When was Darum castle captured?
22nd May 1192
What opened the way to Egypt for Richard?
His reconnaissance knights saw a relief army sent by Saladin to stop Richard, but Richard was able to take the army by surprise at night due to his forewarning, meaning Saladin had no reinforcements
What happened on the 28th July 1192?
Saladin attacked Jaffa, capturing all but the citadel by the 31st
How did Richard retake Jaffa?
He took a fleet to Jaffa, where he was informed of the surviving citadel, jumped into the sea and started a fight on the beaches to allow the rest of the army to come ashore and camp outside the walls. When Saladin tried to charge the forces, his horses wouldn’t charge the spears and in the ensuing chaos Saladin lost control of his men and Richard took advantage of this to retake Jaffa
When was a truce between Saladin and Richard signed, how long was it supposed to last and what were the agreed terms?
1st September 1192; Three years and eight months; Christians and Muslims had free passage through each others’ lands, Ascalon was to be destroyed and Jerusalem was open to Christians
Why was Ascalon important in negotiations?
It was a gateway to Egypt; destroying it demonstrated Richard’s surrender of this ambition
What is Richard’s reason for not attacking Jerusalem?
Persuaded not to by the military orders, did not make strategic sense, should aim to extend reach into Egypt instead
By July 1192 where were Saladin and Richard?
Jaffa and Acre
Explain what happened at Jaffa in July 1192
Saladin attacked and captured the town but the citadel held out, Richard and reinforcements came, stormed the town and re-took it, Saladin failed to retake it
When did Richard leave Acre?
October 1192
